APPENDIX A. Materials used to produce the replicas recorded in the entries.

The following materials, listed alphabetically, have been used in the production of one or more of the items mentioned under REPLICAS in the indicated entries. These are linked to this Appendix as well as to their listing in the Index. 

Most of these materials are given in catalog descriptions of specialty house catalogs, which are not cited or referenced; it does not seem appropriate to list them on this noncommerical web site.  I cannot vouch for the authenticity of the identifications of all the materials because I have examined only a few of them.   The list does not include 1.substances that are used as simulants but are not, so far as I know, used to produce replicas  or  2.fabrics and other materials used only in the production of two-dimensional representations of the animals included in the entries.

Although the focus of this Zoogems site is "gems and curios," some of the reported replicas are chiefly functional.  In any case, those recorded range from objets d'art to kitsch, and the more common, and predictable, uses include the followingfor amulets, belt buckles, bottle and can openers, bowls, Christmas tree ornaments, Easter eggs, fetishes, figurines, jewelry and jewelry boxes, light fixtures, music boxes, note-holding magnets, paper weights, salt and pepper shakers, vases, and wall  "art."   Less common uses, some of which are rather surprizing, include "The Armadillo" -- Sir Norman Foster's world-famous convention and entertainment venue on the River Clyde in Glasgow, Scotland;  pup tents that have the shapes and color patterns of  ladybug beetles,  and tortoise-shaped nightlights that give a 360-degree planetarium-like view of the night-time sky on bedroom ceilings and walls.


During an approximately three-month period in 2007, I kept tract of the zoogenic-based replicas advertised in several score of catalogs to get an idea of which animals among those featured on this web site have had their replicas marketed.  This admittedly limited sample led to the following observations:  1.Feathers -- as parts of birds (including the Egyptian phoenix), angels, seraphim and the mythical griffin -- are represented by the most replicas;  replicas of owls, flamingos, pelicans, and colorful song birds are numerous;  those representing chickens (especially roosters), eagles, hummingbirds, parrots, peafowl, swans and turkeys are common;  etc.   2. Butterflies and other insects -- including some whose parts are not used directly in the production of jewelry and curios (e.g., dragon flies) -- and marine life are close seconds.   3. Armadillos and porcupines are examples of the animals represented by only a few replicas, most of which are stylized.  [and]  4. A few of the creatures included as entries -- e.g., Venus flower basket -- have not been replicated, as least so far as I have been able to determine.

THE MATERIALS:

abaca (Manila hemp) -- | butterfly wings |
amber --
| butterfly wings |
beads (beadwork) -- | armadillo | butterfly wings |
bone (example of a natural zoogenic material, included as a main entry on this web site, used to replicate one or more of the other zoogenic materials)  --
                                      
  | corals | feathers | ivory | teeth |  
Ceramics  -- | armadillo | barnacles | beetles | bone | butterfly wings | corals | eggshells | elephant feet | feathers | fish scales | rattlesnake rattles | shell (Mollusca)  | tortoise shell |
  Specific kinds of ceramics are indicated as the material of some replicas.  Examples follow:
        bisque china (porcelain left in its natural matt state -- i.e., the surface is not glazed) -- | feathers |
        china, not otherwise identified (translucent porcelain) -- | feathers | ivory |
        faience (earthenware with colorful opaque glazes ) -- | beetles |
        porcelain (ceramic material, typically translucent, that has been glazed at a high temperature) --  | butterfly wings | eggshells | feathers |
        raku (pottery with fairly porous body, resulting from low firing temperatures, ...) -- | feathers | ivory | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca)  |
        stoneware (hard, opaque, nonporous ceramic) -- | feathers |
         
terra cotta | rattlesnake rattles |
cloisonné (enamelwork in which colored areas are separated by thin metal bands fixed edgewise to the base). -- | beetles | butterfly wings | eggshells | feathers | ivory | fish scales | shell (Mollusca)  |
COMBINATIONS -- Several replicas consist of more than one of the listed materials -- e.g., metals plus gemstones and resins plus crushed rock.
concrete --
| armadillo | shell (Mollusca) | fish scales |
construction materials (diverse) -- | armadillo |
enamel -- see cloisonné.
fabrics (diverse) --  Except for things such as the slippers and stools made to look like, for example, moose (bone entry) and the canvas pup tents that resemble ladybugs (beetles entry), representations that are mentioned in the entries as on fabrics are not replicas because they are virtually two-dimensional. 
Faux ... -- Most so-designated materials are not identified. 
feathers (example of a natural zoogenic material, included as a main entry on this web site, also used to replicate one or more of the other zoogenic materials) -- | butterfly wings |
fiber optics (bundles of very fine, flexible glass or plastic fibers that transmit light) -- | feathers |
Glass
-- (e.g., blown, colored, faceted, molded, painted, stained, etc.) | barnacles | beetles | butterfly wings | claws | corals | eggshells | feathers | fish scales | ivory | rattlesnake rattles  | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) | tortoise shell |
  Specific kinds of glass are indicated as the material of some replicas;  examples follow:
      
*+*crystal -- faceted crystal (glass) has been produced in the shape of several of the animals whose parts are covered on this web site.                                               mercury glass -- | feathers |
              milk glass -- | eggshells |
              opal glass -- | beetles | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) |
              pyrex glass -- | claws |
            "Tiffany glass"
-- | butterfly wings |
           vintage glass (e.g.,"jet black") -- | sand dollars  |
Metals & alloys  (typically cast; some is painted, commonly  enameled and/or bejeweled) 
  Specific metals and alloys are indicated as the material of some replicas;  examples follow:
        alumininum (typcially cast) -- | feathers | tortoise shell |
        brass (
commonly  with a verdigris finish
) -- | barnacles | beetles | feathers | fish scales | ivory | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) |
        bronze -- | barnacles | eggshells | feathers | fish scales | tortoise shell |
        copper --  | butterfly wings | feathers | fish scales | ivory | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) | tortoise shell |
        gold (including gold plate) -- | barnacles | beetles | claws | feathers | fish scales | rattlesnake rattles | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca)  | tortoise shell |
         iron (typcially cast; commonly given a brass-finish with verdigris highlights) -- | barnacles | feathers | shell (Mollusca)  | tortoise shell |
         lead (as "solder" of glass mosaics) -- | butterfly wings |
        pewter --  | armadillo | barnacles | butterfly wings | claws | feathers | sand dollars  | shell (Mollusca)  | tortoise shell |
        rhodium (as plating?) --  | tortoise shell |
        shibuichi --  | feathers |
   
    silver --  | armadillo | barnacles | butterfly wings | claws | feathers | fish scales  | horn | ivory | rattlesnake rattles | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) | tortoise shell |
        sterling  -- | barnacles | butterfly wings | feathers |
        steel -- | barnacles | claws | feathers |
               powder coated --  | beetles |
             "recycled steel" --  | butterfly wings |
               stainless -- | feathers |
            surgical -- | claws |
   
    tin -- | beetles |
        titanium -- | feathers |
        unidentified --
| armadillo | barnacles | beetles  | butterfly wings | claws | feathers | fish scales | porcupine quills | rattlesnake rattles | shell (Mollusca) | tortoise shell |
            "recycled cooking-oil drums" feathers | tortoise shell |
              wire -- 
| butterfly wings |
           wire mesh -- | sand dollars |
Minerals & rocks  ( It is noteworthy that lapidaries have fashioned egg-shaped masses from several minerals and rocks not on the following list.)
    agate
-- | butterfly wings |
    aragonite -- | rattlesnake rattles  |
    hematite -- | rattlesnake rattles  |
   "incolay stone" -- | bone |
    jade -- | hornbill | ivory | shell (Mollusca)  |
    jasper
-- | rattlesnake rattles  |
     jet --
| feathers |
    lapis lazuli --  | beetles |
     malachite -- 
| beetles |
    marble --  | eggshells | tortoise shell |
    marble ("cast ... crushed marble") -- | feathers |
     mother of pearl (nacre) = CaCO3 -- 
| butterfly wings | feathers |
     petoskey stone --   | tortoise shell |
    pipestone -- | armadillo | rattlesnake rattles |
    quartz, rose -- | beetles |
     shell
= CaCO3 --  | butterfly wings |
    soapstone (steatite) --  | eggshells | ivory |
   "stone"
("cast"-- so probably crushed plus a binderand -- but otherwise identified) -- | feathers |
     tiger's-eye --
| beetles |
    turquoise -- | butterfly wings | feathers | tortoise shell |
    unakite --  | beetles |
paper -- | butterfly wings |
papier-mâché -- | eggshells |
Plastics (These are listed as noted by producers and/or marketers;  the nomenclature applied is less than well defined.)
    "faux wood" (I suspect a resin) --  | ivory |
     polymers (including nylon and "polymer blends") -- | butterfly wings | ivory |
      polypropylene
-- | feathers |
     resins (diverse ones, including "polyresin" and in some cases including particles -- e.g., fine stone (sometimes referred to as stone resin)  or porcelain (mixtures of "cold-cast porcelain and resin" are marketed as porcelon)) --  | barnacles | beetles | bone | butterfly wings | claws | corals | eggshells | fish scales |   horn | ivory  | rattlesnake rattles | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca) | teeth | tortoise shell |
      unidentified --  |
beetles | butterfly wings | claws | corals | eggshells | fish scales | hornbill | ivory  | rattlesnake rattles | sand dollars | shell (Mollusca)  | teeth | tortoise shell |
rubber -- | corals | eggshells | fish scales |
shell
(example of a natural zoogenic material, included as a main entry on this web site, also used to replicate one or more of the other zoogenic materials -- one of the shells used is commonly called the Capiz shell, which is the marine mollusk -- sometimes called the window-pane shell --  Placuna placenta (Linnaeus 1758), which is found in the shallow coastal waters of, for example, the Philippine Islands.) -- | butterfly wings | eggshells |
soap -- | eggshells |
Wood
      acacia --
| feathers | ivory |
     cola -- | armadillo | porcupine quills |
     ebony -- | beetles |
     ironwood --
| tortoise shell |
     fruitwood (otherwise unidentified) -- | tortoise shell | 
     mahogany -- 
| armadillo |  
    "unidentified" -- | armadillo | beetles  | eggshells | feathers | porcupine quills | rattlesnake rattles | shell (Mollusca)  | teeth | tortoise shell |
  


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