STRAITS'  STONES: A Picture Album 
Fieldstones -- Buildings and Other Uses
Volume I. Mackinac County
© 2018
by  R.V. ("Dick") Dietrich,





NOTE: The lack of interest within Cheboygan and Antrim counties, which were originally scheduled for coverage similar to that recorded for the "Straits part of Mackinac County," led to postponing that coverage.  Instead, additions and revisions from the Upper Peninsula area within and near the Straits' area, particularly in Mackinac County, will be made to this web site.  To view the Straits area, as originally defined, see Figure 2 in Appendix A. Maps.  
             The additional coverage will be directely below the dedication -- i.e., precede the original Table of Contents.  It will be added in a piecemeal fashion -- i.e.,only when stone-based things that appear to be of possible interest are photographed and their captions are prepared. 
~~<<+>>~~

[ A few years ago, a PDFcopy of this web page was put in CMU's CONDOR repository;  CONDOR has more recently been "replaced ... with the CMU Libraries Digital Collections --see scholarly.cmich.edu."   However, even IF the file is there, IT HAS NOT BEEN UPDATED(!!!) whereas the following copy has been and continues to be updated  with changes, additions, etc.  Additions, which include some forty photographs, directly follow the dedication.  The original report follows the Table of contents, which pertains only to that report..]


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  for Frances, Rick, Kurt and Krista









Additions and Revisions:
I. Buildings 
        Public Buildings


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      Former "bar".  This stone-sided building, referred to as a former bar by many nearby residents, was actually a garage that had a gasoline pump or two in front of it.  The building, which was built in the late 1930s, is on the south side of the Hiawatha Trail (Rte. H40) in Rexton, Hudson Township (NE¼ of Sec.1, T.43N., R.8W).  The alluded-to bar was an adjoining part of the original structure.  The bar was run by "Buck" Goodrow.
             Several years ago, the bar (etc.) portion of the original building was moved to the north side of Rte. 2, about ¼ mile west of the junctin of Borgstrom Rd. junctin. Today, that building, which has been greatly modified, includes a fine example of stone masonry beneath the bottom of its windows -- see lower photograph.  Nearly all of the stones of this siding are "hard rock" types that are representative of the bedrock formation of Canada, to the north.  All exhibit split faces. 
      [The historical information given in the above caption is based on a conversation with Harold Shoemaker.]


 
       Residences


      Abandoned farm house.  This house, said to date back to the late 20s or 30s and to have been built for a . . . Houck, is on the north side of Linck Rd., in the SE¼ of Sec.7, T.43N., R.10W.  The upper photograph shows the west side;  the left photograph of the bottom pair shows the southeast corner ... The use of fieldstones in this house is especially interesting because the masonry of lower part of house -- i.e., downward from just above the level of the eaves -- consists of stones apparently laid course by course, though rather randomly, whereas the area above that level consists of blocks that appear to have been fashioned like those used in the residence in Germfask, which is included in the original report (q.v.).  However, the exposed stones of several of the blocks used in this house are arranged so they roughly resemble flowers -- see upper part of the right photo. 
      [The historical information given in the above caption is based on conversations with Linnea Ault.]



      Country Residence This house, is on the north side of McKelvey Rd. in the SW¼ of Sec.21, T.44N., R.10W.                    

        Other Buildings & Structures

      Milkhouse.  A barn on the south side of Swede Rd. (NE¼ sec.15, T.42N.-R.1E.), once included a fieldstone faced milkhouse, and part of its foundation extended upward as the wall of its "milk parlor"  --  see Cl8, on the Barns web site http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/MacCoAlbum/MacCo.Barns.html .  That overall structure is said to have been built in 1911 by Andrew Lofdahl, an immigrant from the Åland Islands.

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      Root cellar (i.e., its remains) This originally stone sided structure is located in the NW¼ of Sec.5, T.40N., R.4W. (i.e., 45o55'33"N, 84o46'16"W). The   
area of the original floor is approximately 20 x 25 feet.  Glacial and/or glaciofluvial "hard rock" stones and stones and slabs derived from nearby sedimentary strata are included in the masonry.  This structure is known to have been one of the buildings on a former farm owned by William Bryce and apparently used by at least two generations of the Cheeseman Family. 
            A nearby interesting feature includes parts of an old barbed wire fence that is now surrounded by several years of growth rings of a couple trees.  It seems likely that this fence dates from the early 1900s and perhaps to the late 1880s (see Dietrich, 2008, p.78).  
      [Curtis Cheeseman, shown in the lower right photograph, directed this structure and the fence to my attention and along with his mother, Janice Holle, supplied the historical data about the structure that are mentioned in this caption.
]


      Well house.   This fine example of masonry, which exhibits split-faces of fieldstones, is on the north side of Swedes Rd, northeast of Cedarville (SE¼ sec.7, T.42N.-R.1E.).  Nearly all of the included stones are "hard rock."  The structure was apparently builty by Karl Rosing, a Scandinavian who came as a homesteader to Les Cheneaux in 1900.  See also the barn  on the same property -- especially the foundation of its south side (see Cl5,  http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/MacCoAlbum/MacCo.Barns.html )


   Parts of Buildings

        Foundation     
  

              The above building, on Gros Cap Rd. is one of several within the area that shows how structures or parts of structures that consist of stone masonry -- in this case the FOUNDATION -- outlast those made of most other building materials.  It is included here because some readers (stone masons?) have indicated that not enough was said or even implied about this fact.   [ This building was razed in 2014. ]

              The eight chimneys that served structures that no longer exist and the "Hunting cabin ..." near Reston, which are included in the original report, are also examples to support 
the above statement about the lasting quality of stone masonry. The chimneys were originally attached to buildings that were not sided by stone masonry.  Those buildings "wasted away," were burned, or torn down;  the chimneys remain!   And, if you do not recall, reread what happened to the preexisting wooden cabin near Reston.  In addition, attention is directed to C18, a barn in Clark Twp.;  it is shown in "Barns of Mackinac County, Michigan: ..." (Dietrich, 2012 -- see http://www.mibarn.net/MacCoAlbum/Mac%20County%20Barns.htm). 

         Bell tower  (An added subcategory)

              This tower, which serves two purposes -- i.e., as a bell tower, as well as a chimney for a fireplace that is in the church santuary -- is in Hulbert, Chippewa County. The church, including its fine stone masonry foundation, and this fine tower were built in 1935 (see concrete placque on "tower").  The church treasurer, James Snody, noted that the stones were brought to Hulbert from Paradise, a few miles north of Hulbert.
            
       Chimney

      
      "Leaning Chimney of Brevort Lake."  The above photographs were taken at right angles to the "leaning" view shown in the original document, which is below this Additions and Revisions group of photographs and information.  Some aspects of this chimney that were not evident in the "leaning" view but are in this composite are:  The diverse makeup of the included stones;  the arrangement of the stones near the top of the chimney;  the strap, alluded to in the next paragraph;  and the "L" (for Litzner) that is outlined by what appear to be broken surfaces of bricks.    
                    Additional data about the chimney and house served by it have also become available.  These data provide answers to questions posed in the original document:    The house, including the chimney was built during the depression [early 1930s] on land given to Herman Litzner 
 by his father.  Herman is said to have "built the house from excess supplies he could find and/or get cheap ...  the rocks were just found on the [surrounding] 10 acres of property.  [And, so far as the "leaning,"] the chimney was straight, but over nearly 90 years, time has taken its toll.  We tried to slow its demise by metal strapping it to the roof peak (which stopped its fall so to speak)." (Richard Van Overberg, grandson of Herman Litzner, p.c., 19 June 2013).  
http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/zzStraitsStones/AddonLeaningChimney.JPG
     

Corners


              The stone-masonry corners of the above log-sided building have shapes, settings and apparent function that differ from virtually all the stone-masonry corners included in the original manuscript (several of those corners can be seen by using the search word corner).  That is to say, the corners of the previously included structures are continuous with other stone-masonry, such as siding, whereas the stone-masonry corners of this structure appear mainly to serve as pillar-like accents of a log-sided building.
             Most of the stones of the corners of this building are from nearby glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits;  a few are pieces of nearby bedrock, at least some of which were likely broken off outcrops as the result of natural activities such freezing (and expansion) of water within open joints.  
              This building is on the Trout Lake township campground that is west of Trout Lake village, in Chippewa Co.;  it is thought to "very old" and once to have been a roof-covered open space (p.c., person currently in charge of the campground, 2015).   Currently, the structure is used to store the garbage receptacles that are loaned to campers while they are at the campground. 


 
II.Other Uses 
        Landscape Accents


      Fountain. This fountain, on the west side of Church St. in St. Ignace, was fashioned by Steven Boatner in 2011 and 2012.  As can be seen, its more decorative permanent parts consist largely of large cobbles and boulders of diverse "hard rocks" from the nearby glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits.  The relatively flat areas that constitute much of the falls area proper and surround the streetside of the pool are "limestone" flagstones.  The masonry, of which most of the stones are "hard rock," that surrounds the porch area of the Boatner's house is also noteworthy -- see upper left photograph. 
    




      Gateway.  This gateway, the waterfalls and the pond, which are shown in the upper photograph, grace the entrance to Hiawatha Sportsman's Club, which includes a nine-hole golf course.  They are on the north side of Rte. 2 west of Naubinway.  The gateway is thought to date to the 1960s;  the waterfalls and pond were added in 2009.  A large percentage of the stones in these structures are "limestones" derived from relatively nearby rock formations;  a few "hard rock" stones are also included. 
             The left photograph of the composite shows the brass plaque-bearing memorial monument that is west of the gateway.  The plaque bears the following inscription:  Dr. W.E. McNamara / 1877-1953 /  Surgeon - Humanitarian - Pioneer /  Founder of the Hiawatha Club. The photographs on the right show the columns at the former main access to the Club's acreage, which is on the south side of the Hiawatha Trail (H-40).  Despite their different character -- e.g., the fact that their constituent stones exhibit split faces -- it is thought that these columns were made at about the same time as the Gateway.  As is evident part of the coloumn shown on the right is in need of repair because of its disintegrating mortar.  
      [Most of the information in the above caption is based on conversations with Gary Trombley, who fashioned the waterfalls, and Bobby Beaudon.] 



             For some things it seems more fun (and thought-provoking) to imagine than to know WHY.  This display is in St. Ignace, on the north side of Portage Rd., west ofthe I-75 overpass.      
             For some things it seems more fun (and thought-provoking) to imagine than to know WHY.  This display is in St. Ignace, on the north side of Portage Rd., west ofthe I-75 overpass. 

       Walls
       Miscellaneous Uses

       Decorative items.-


      "Sculpture" by Randy Dunn.  This piece, fashioned in 2011, is of special interest to me, a long time petrologist and bird-watcher.  It includes a stone, AND it depicts a bird.   


      Window display in preparation for an upscale store, "Decked Out," on Mackinac Island.  Pebbles, cobbles, and small boulders such as these are gaining apparently ever increasing roles as parts of all sorts of displays -- e.g., those in museums as well as those in store cases and windows, and even in photographs for catalogues and other advertisement media.  The stones of this display-in-preparation came from a beach on Lake Superior.



      Labyrinth outlined largely with cobble- and small boulder-sized "limestone" is on the lake side of Pte. LaBarbe Rd.  A few "hard rock" stones and two pieces of concrete are also included.  Letters are on four stones of the outermost circle that indicate the compass directions;  that is to say, lines, which if present, that would extend from the center of the labyrinth to these stones woud point in the given directions (see inset example).  This labyrinth is said to have been fashioned by Gary Evans of Ann Arbor in 2011. 


      A Special Path  with a row of angular cobble-sized stones along either side.  This bridal path was on the northern shore or Lake Michigan, just west of the Straits of Mackinac in mid August, 2015.  Stones like these are rather common here and there along the nearby lake shore area.  A few days later, only the stones remained;  it appears, however, that at least one of them is missing -- perhaps taken elsewhere, to have a special place . . . .        Labyrinth outlined largely with cobble- and small boulder-sized "limestone" is on the lake side of Pte. LaBarbe Rd.  A few "hard rock" stones and two pieces of concrete are also included.  Letters are on four stones of the outermost circle that indicate the compass directions;  that is to say, lines, which if present, that would extend from the center of the labyrinth to these stones woud point in the given directions (see inset example).  This labyrinth is said to have been fashioned by Gary Evans of Ann Arbor in 2011. 
http://stoneplus.cst.cmich.edu/zzStraitsStones/weddingPath.jpg


 Monuments & Markers.-  


      Fishermen's Memorial.  This cenotaph on the harbor side of State St. in downtown St. Ignace was erected in 2005.  Most of the constituent stones are relatively small "hard rock" boulders;  the metal "fish," which is mounted on a rod extending from its top, has an especially eye-catching eye.  Two plaques that describe the intent of this memorial are attched to the main pillar-like structure:  The one on the street side is shown.  The one on the harbor side lists the Fishermen "from Mackinac County [who] lost their lives while commercially fishing."  Twentyfive in uumber, those included were residents of Epoufette, Naubinway, St. Ignace, St. Ignace Township,  and Machinac Island.
ince 2006, this memorial has served as the focus of a "spiritual ceremony" that opens the Annual Fish Festival.  As reported in The St. Ignace News (vol. 132, no. 17, p. 1)  A local man, "Darryl Brown, also known by as his (sic) Native American name, Mididegwe Anamosh, offers a prayer to the Creator using Native American traditions to start off the Fish Feast ...  The prayer ...offered thanks for the fish and guidance and protection for the fishermen who make their way of life on the waters."      
             See also the left side photograph in the Gateway entry under the Landscape Accents subheading.  


      Cairn-like stack of stones, created in late July, 2012.  This stack was in a small, shallow bay offshore from Boulevard Drive in section 24, T.40N., R.4W.  As a WW-II veteran, and I admit that I know not why, this led me to recall several of the places I saw "Kilroy was here."  Furthermore, as I remembered how some of those "signatures" were short-lived (e.g., crossed-out or removed), my recollection became so-to-speak even more timely;  this was so because a few days later (by August 3rd), this cairn was no longer present.  However, a three-stone stack, which I had not seen before, was offshore from the Boulevard, fairly near the "Big Mac" Bridge;  I suspect it was put there to mark a shallow sand bar in the Straits -- See below.

 
The next evening (August 4th), a small stone had been added to the three-stone stack, AND an additional stack, a photo of which is shown below, was on the same bar, about 20 feet to the left.  As can be seen below, the more recently created stack includes more stones than the first one on the bar.  In any case, as I told my "kids," its presence reminded me of what my Grandmother Vincent used to tell me when I was trying to do something -- frequently, something not all that "smart" -- that one of my older cousins had done:  "Monkey see, monkey do!"  [I wonder if this old saw had anything to do with the origin of the verb to ape and its various forms.] 



During the night there was a storm.  On the morning of  August 5th, neither of these stacks was on the bar. 

    
 
The next evening (August 4th), a small stone had been added to the three-stone stack, AND an additional stack, a photo of which is shown below, was on the same bar, about 20 feet to the left.  As can be seen below, the more recently created stack includes more stones than the first one on the bar.  In any case, as I told my "kids," its presence reminded me of what my Grandmother Vincent used to tell me when I was trying to do something -- frequently, something not all that "smart" -- that one of my older cousins had done:  "Monkey see, monkey do!"  [I wonder if this old saw had anything to do with the origin of the verb to ape and its various forms.]

       - - -< + > - - -    


      Weights


      Stones used as weights to hold something down can be seen here and there in many places within the county.  This example is on the south side of Town Hall Rd. across Derusha Rd., and the old Townhall, in Hendricks Twp. (Sec. 9, T.43N. R.7W.)

~~ << END of Additions and Revisions >> ~~



Note:   Brain-Teasers, Additions and Revisions:  
          Three of the "brain-teasers," which include stones, groups of stones, and stone structures, are within the Straits area of Mackinac County.  Their uses or functions are either unknown or questioned. Illustrations and "in preparation" texts are in the web file  STONES -- Posers to Ponder, which is one of the files on this URL. 



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Table of Contents (included to facilitate searches).
   PREFACE
   INTRODUCTION

I. Buildings 
Public Buildings  
                                          
      
Little Stone Church, Mackinac Is.
        Restaurant - Jockey Club, Mackinac Is.
        Former Cobblestone Café & Motel, St. Ignace
        Former Mackinac County Airport Terminal
        Former Store on Mackinac Trail

Residences
       Farm House, Portage Rd., St. Ignace
       Residence, North State St., St. Ignace
       Residence, northwest of Hessel
       Residence, Cedar Rd., Hessel
       Residence, Grove St., Cedarville
       Former residence, Cheeseman Rd.
       Summer cottage, Brevort Lake
       Summer home, Marquette Is.
     “Blockhouse,”  Marquette Is.
     “Cabin” on Bois Blanc Is.
       Officers' Stone Quarters, Mackinac Is.

Other Buildings & Structures
      Blast Shack, west of Brevort
        Fort Mackinac Blockhouses,  Mackinac Is.
        Icehouse & woodshed, Marquette Is.
        Former kilns:
               On Mackinac Is.
               On  Rabbits Back stack
               South of Kenneth
      
Powder  Magazine, Mackinac Is.
      
Playhouse, Avery Point,  Hessel Bay
        Root cellar,  west of Cedarville
      
Warehouse,
 Marquette Is.
       What?, St. Ignace     (Now #3 of "STONES -- Posers" web site)
       What??, northwest of West Lant Rd.     
(Now #2 of "STONES -- Posers" web site)
Parts of Buildings
       Partial facings:
               LaSalle High School, St. Ignace
               Residence, Huron St., St. Ignace
               Residence, Duke's Rd., Moran
               Residence, East Adolphus St., Moran
               House, East Lake
               Summer Place, Les Cheneaux Islands
               Vacation home, northwest of Brevort
               Residence, Adolphus St., Moran
       Foundations & Porches:
               Loyola Catholic Church, St. Ignace - foundation
               Cabin-home, Mackinac Trail - foundation
               Summer home, Bois Blanc Is. - foundation plus
               Trailer, Cedarville - faux foundation
               Residence, Schoolhouse Rd., Brevort - foundation & “stoop”
               Residence, Bertrand St., St. Ignace - porch
               House, Martin Rd. (west branch) - porch
               Cottage, Hessel - porch & chimney

    
  Chimneys & additional uses:
               Diverse chimneys - four examples
             
Leaning chimney of Brevort Lake
               Stairs & pedestals, Rockview Rd., north of Hessel
       Indoor Fireplaces:
               Former Mackinac Co. Airport Terminal, St. Ignace
               Summer home, Hessel
               Summer home, Hessel
               Residence, Rockview Rd.
               Summer home, Bois Blanc Is.
               Fire-proof backing for stove, north of Brevort
       Former Fireplace-chimneys:
              
Chimney Point, Marquette Is.
               Golf Course, St. Ignace
               Duke's Rd., Moran
               Brevort Lake and 
Sofie's Tavern,
 Pine River                     
               Rabbits Back Peak Peninsula
               State St., St. Ignace
               Martin Lake Rd. and Gros Cap


II. Other Uses  
 
Landscape Accents
       Boulders:
               Boulder entities - Graham Ave., St. Ignace and  Brevort Lake Rd., west of Moran
               Boulder plus - Mackinac Is. 
               Boulders,  group of - Schoolhouse Rd., Brevort 
               Boulders atop boulders - Duke's Rd., west of Moran and Wartella Rd., east of Moran 
               Small stones atop a boulder - Ponchartain Shores Small stones atop a boulder
               Rubble atop rubble - Mackinac Is.
               Boulders that welcome - Wartella Rd., east of Moran
               Boulder deterrents (No parking) - Bois Blanc Ferry landing area
               Boulder deterrents (No trespassing) - St. Ignace deterrents
               Driveway dots - East Lake Rd.
               Driveway dots - Gros Cap Rd.
               Painted “dots” - St. Ignace
               Lines of stones - Cedarville (2 entries)
               Waterfalls & cascade - Mackinac Is.
               Waterfalls & stream - Woodland Subdivision, Cedarville
              Dry waterfall" - Church Rd., Moran
               Patio-walkway - Bois Blanc
              “Total landscape” - LaVake Rd.
       Cobbles:
               Walkway - Bois Blanc
               Walkway & steps -Moran         
               Stones on steps - St. Ignace
               Planters & atone-bordered flower beds: 
                        Duke's Rd., Moran; Huron St., St. Ignace; 
                        Gros Cap Rd.; & Church Rd., Moran 
              “Frame” around flagpole - LaVake Rd.
              “Frames” around ... -  Pte. LaBarbe Rd.;  Charles Moran Rd., Moran; & Brevort Lake Rd.
              “Frames” around ... -  Cheeseman Rd. & East Martin Lake Rd.
              “Frame” around Moran “Welcome ..” etc.- Rte. 123, Moran - “frame”
              “Frame”and base for old boat - Pte. LaBarbe Rd. - “frame”
              “Wishing well”  Evergreen Shores
               Pillars - Mackinac Is.;  Pte. LaBarbe Rd.; & Allenville
              “Pillar” - Cedarville
 Walls
       Stone “fence” - Church Rd., Moran
       Dry-laid wall - Kenneth Rd., Hiwatha National Forest & Pte. Aux Chenes
       Dry-laid wall - Hessel
       Culvert headers - Moran
       Wet-laid walls - Fort Mackinac, Mackinac Is.
       Wet-laid wall - near Chimney Point, Marquette Is.
       Wet-laid walls - Duke's Rd., Moran & Huron St., St. Ignace
       Wet-laid walls - Martin Rd. extension
       Wing walls (former) -  Mackinac Trail
       Walls in Cemeteries - Grace Brethren Cemetery, near Ozark & Gros Cap Cemetery
       Wall in Cemetery - Brevort Township Cemetery
       Diverse walls - Mackinac Is. (2 composites)
 
Miscellaneous Uses
       Shore Protection and Docks
               Boulder and/or rubble piling - St. Ignace, Brevort Lake, & Brevort River
               Gabion wall - near Damsite, Brevort Lake outlet area
               Breakwater, off-shore, Hessel
               Pond side - Black Point Rd., west of Moran
               Former dock -  Brevort Lake
               Crib docks - Hessel
       Fire circles and Outdoor Fireplaces:
               Loose rubble & fieldstones - Search Bay, Hiawatha National Forest & Ponchartrain Shores
               Large one, loose stones - Schoolhouse Rd., north of Brevort
               Firecircle with mortar - Brevort Lake (2)
               Outdoor fireplaces - Marquette Is.& Worth Rd., northeast of Brevort
               Outdoor fireplace - Pte. LaBarbe Rd.
               Outdoor fireplace - East Lake Rd.
       Decorative items:
               Pebble mosaic table & vase - Moran
               Framed hanging - Allenville
               Boulder pendant -  Webb Rd.
               Birdhouse, mailbox, plant pot & birdbath - Hessel, Hill Is., Brevort Lk.             
                                                                                 Rd. & Cedarville,
 respectively               
               Birdbath - Bois Blanc
               Table tops - Cedarville
              Rock garden - Evergreen Shores
               Stylized fauxstone ... replica of  Old Glory - Chard Rd.
       Monuments & Markers: 
               Rogers monument - Mackinac Trail
               Cemetery monument  & commemorative boulder - St. Ignace & Cedarville, respectively
               Bicentennial Time Capsule (Father Marquette National Park) & Michigan State Ferry ... - St. Ignace                
               Shipwrecks and Underwater Preserves -  St. Ignace
               Unknown Soldiers (1814 battle) - Mackinac Is.          
              Michigan's most historic spot -  Mackinac Is.   
       Cairn- and Inukshuk-like stacks of stones:
               Cairn-like stacks - Brevort Lake
               Cairn-like stacks -  Hessel
               Cairn-like stacks -  Kenneth Rd.
               Cairn-like stacks -   Mackinac Is.
               Piles -  Cheeseman Rd.
               Inukshuk-like stacks - Mackinac Is.
       Weights:
               Small and medium boulders - East Lake & Gros Cap
      “Wow”& Worry Stone - Brevort Lake & portable, respectively 
      A matter of tangential interest,  Pte. Aux Chenes

III. Nearby Fieldstone Uses of Special Interest. 
       Monck's Stone Bar, formerly in Epoufette, Mackinac Co. 
       Hunting cabin plus, Hiawatha Trail, southeast of Rexton, Mackinac Co. 
       House, Germfask, Schoolcraft  County
       House, west of Fibre, Chippewa County
       Pillar & wall, Pt. Iroquois, Chippewa County
       Stone 
fences,
 south of Goetsville, Chippewa County
       Residence & wall, DeTour Village, Chippewa County

 APPENDIX A. 
Maps
       Michigan Counties
       Area covered 
 APPENDIX B. 
Additional 
Miscellaneous Uses of Fieldstones within the Area 
 APPENDIX C.
 Some Rocks and Geological Features exhibited by fieldstones shown in photographs
 GLOSSARY 
 REFERENCES CITED
 ADDENDUM   

PREFACE 
               Robert Brown, my son-in-law; Krista Brown, my daughter; Rick and Kurt Dietrich, my sons; Charles Brown, a St. Ignace attorney; Chuck Cullip, a St. Ignace businessman; John Evashevski, St. Ignace High School teacher and coach, retired; Charlie Fowler, St. Ignace middle school principal, retired; Paul Kreski, Consultant, Mackinac Environmental; Mike Lehto, St. Ignace elementary school principal, retired; Phil Porter, Director, Mackinac State Historic Parks; Buck Sharrow, guide and carriage driver on Mackinac Island; and Jim Vosper, author and long time resident of Bois Blanc Island, accompanied me while I visited and photographed some of the buildings and other features included in this album.  Krista and Bob viewed an early and the next-to-final draft of the material, provided several interesting facts about the area and gave me suggestions that increased and improved the coverage.  Charlie Brown was especially helpful because of his knowledge about the area, where he has spent most of his life;  among other things, he supplied reports and records, some of which would have been difficult to get elsewhere.   Bob Brown, Charlie Brown, Chuck Cullip, John Evashevski, Charlie Fowler and Buck Sparrow took me to some localities that would have been extremely difficult for me to get to alone -- Bob Brown and Charlie Fowler by boat##; Charlie Brown, Chuck Cullip and Paul Kreski by 4-wheel drive vehicles; John Evashevski by his four-wheeler;  Buck by horse-drawn carriage (carriage and horses courtesy of Mike Young, Frankenmuth automobile dealer). David Ginsburg, Research Librarian Emeritus, Central Michigan University, helped me find some rather obscure references and checked the format of the References Cited.  Krista Brown, Rick and Kurt Dietrich and Reed Wicander critiqued the pre-final draft of the material included.  I gratefully acknowledge and thank each of these people for their contributions. 
               
Colonel Curtis Cheeseman and his wife Caroline kindly provided me with a place to stay in October, 2009, when I did the preliminary data collecting.  The following people aided me by supplying information and/or in other ways as I collected information and took the photographs:  Hugh Anderson, Jon Arnold, Ray & Kim Arnold, Katherine (née Lehto) Babcock, Donnelda Baer, A.J. Baker, Mary Baker, Earl Bayush, Jack Bickham, Richard Beruning, Larry Bigelow, Steve Bird, Stella Bishop, Chalie Bomeister, Gertrude Boyd, Ollie Boynton, Prentiss M. Brown, Jr., Mallory Burkolder, Geraldine L. Collins, Chuck & Connie Cullip, Tom Della-Moretta, Jack Dougherty, Jerry Eifler, Pat Emory, John & Pam Engel, Vern Erskine, Lucy Evashevski, Barb Foster, Charlie & Karen Fowler, Dave, Janet & Chet Garen, Violet ("Marie") Gorman, Janet Hagen, Carol Hamel, Charlie Hanson, John Hessel, Mary Hill, Dan Hockett, Vicky Hough, Oliver House, Cathy Johnson, Kathryn (née Goyer) Johnson, Tom Johnson, Theresa Kelley, Diane Kreski, Nick & Laurel LaChapelle,Elmer Lamoreaux, Steve & Gretchen Lauer, Michele Ledy, Julie Lipnitz, Patricia Litzner, Louise Lowetz, Mike & Derinda Mann, Phyllis & Ed Massey, John & Madlyn Masten, Paul & Kay Matelski, Jennifer McGraw, Jim Mertaugh, Bob Monck, Lois Movalson, Robert J. Muter, Aggie O'Brien, Tracy Olmstead, Chuck Orr, Barb & John Palmer, Mabel Pechta, Mark & Wayne Peterson, Al & Pam Reilly, Roxanne Powers-Tallman, Ervin Rose, Robert St.Andrew, Steve Sjogren, Dan Smith, Elaine (née Dowd) Sprague, Michael Springsteen, Jon Steinbach, Dick Sterk, Dick & Karen Tobin, Andy Valentine, Elna VanHouten, Mark Vonderwerth, Betty Vosper, Bernice Weiss, Nancy (née Goyer) Welch, Ken Welton, Alan & Janet Werkheiser, Eldon Windberg and Robert L.Wirt.  I thank each of them for their gracious responses to my questions and their additional help. 
               In addition, it seems only appropriate to add a "hats off" to the masons and others, both those mentioned in the captions and those unnamed, who used fieldstones to create the buildings, parts of buildings, and other uses of stones noted in this album.  Their creations made my taking the photographs and compiling the data a satisfying experience. 


INTRODUCTION
               This is the first of three anticipated photograph albums to record diverse uses of fieldstones within approximately 25 miles of the Mackinac -- widely known as the "Big Mac"-- Bridge.  This bridge, which connects Michigan's Upper and Lower peninsulas, crosses the Straits of Mackinac, which connect Lake Michigan and Lake Huron (See Map 2 in Appendix A). This volume covers the Mackinac County -- i.e., the Upper Peninsula -- part of this roughly circular area. Volumes 2 and 3, when and if completed, will provide similar coverage for the Cheboygan and Antrim counties parts of the encompassed area.
               My coverage of the uses of fieldstones within the area should not be considered comprehensive.  This is true because  1.several buildings other than those illustrated also have fieldstones as functional and/or decorative parts;  2.thousands of fieldstones, other than those shown, are used as landscape accents 3.fieldstones very likely have had, or are having, roles other than those recorded herein;  [and]  4. additional fieldstone-faced buildings, not seen by me, may occur within the area. Indeed, more comprehensive compilations may be warranted, especially for some of the relatively small parts of this area -- e.g., the Cedarville-Hessel area and Mackinac Island -- each of which could be beautifully illustrated.  These projects remain on my "Futures" list. 
               A few uses of fieldstones in Michigan's Upper Peninsula that are outside of, but within relatively short distances of, the ~25-mile circle, made me want to extend the radius of the circle.  Critical considerations precluded that effort, at least for the time being.  It also, however, led to my decision to include seven of those uses in this volume.  They are in outlying areas of Mackinac County and adjoining Schoolcraft and Chippewa counties.  Perhaps their being included herein will whet the imaginations of others and cause them to extend my coverage to include the diverse uses of fieldstones within these "outlying" areas.  
                 Fieldstone, as used in this album, refers to stones of all sizes that are naturally loose on or near the earth's surface.  Pebbles, cobbles, boulders and rubble are included.  "On or near the ...  surface" includes stones that are atop or surrounded by soil, along or under lakes or streams, and within sand and gravel pits.  
               A large percentage of the fieldstones within this area consist of sedimentary rocks, a large percentage of which are dolostones or limestones.  Although, as a petrologist, I am reluctant to do this, all of these stones are referred to as "limestone" within this album.  This is done because 1.Except for geological reports, virtually all publications that mention these rocks within this region -- e.g., their uses on Mackinac Island -- refer to both of these rocks as limestone;  consequently, my following suit -- though including the term within quotation marks -- seems reader-friendly for most of those who are likely to peruse this album.  [and]   2.The time that would have been required to check the innumerable stones that consist of one or the other or both of these rocks whose uses are recorded herein would have been misspent, if, indeed, it could have been done.  Most of these rock fragments -- i.e., rubble -- occur as debris that is either directly above the bedrock formations from which they were separated by weathering and erosion or where they were deposited after having been transported, for the most part only rather short distances, from the rock formations from which they were derived.  Most of that transport was by downslope movement plus or minus stream and/or lake activities.  The other fieldstones within the area consist largely of cobbles and boulders that were transported from Canada into this area by glacial ice during the last "Ice Age."  They were depositedeither directly from the melting ice sheet (i.e., they were merely dropped down) or by streams made up wholly or largely of melt water from the glacial ice.  Most of these stones consist of igneous or metamorphic rocks or migmatite, which are widely referred to as "hard rocks." 
               The uses of these fieldstones are treated in two main sections:   I. Buildings -- i.e., fieldstone-faced buildings and parts thereof plus similarly constituted building-like structures  and   II. Other Uses -- i.e., fieldstones that are used for other functional and/or decorative purposes, such as Landscape Accents and Walls.  Except for introductory statements for these two main sections and a few of the subsections, the only text that is given is in the captions. 
               Close-up photographs of some of the typical and particularly interesting stones, which as a petrologist I could not resist adding, are included with some of the main photographs.  As I have told several people while examining the stones of their buildings etc., "I could teach a course in petrology using these stones!"  Along that line, a list the rocks that constitute these specially illustrated stones is given in Appendix C. 

~~<<+>>~~



I. BUILDINGS
                       The illustrated buildings are those that I saw as I drove or was driven along the public roads within the area or was told existed and directed to by residents who knew I was making this compilation.  Therefore, it seems quite possible that additional stone-faced buildings occur within the area -- i.e., ones I did not see them because they were obscured by trees or because they are located along roads marked as, for example, "Private Drive - Keep Out."  
                       If anyone knows of additional stone-faced buildings within the area or of additional uses of fieldstones,  
               either past or current, please let me know.  I will try to visit the buildings and, upon getting information about
               the uses, will include photographs of them, or at least mention them, in an addendum of updated information. 

   
  PUBLIC BUILDINGS



  
           "Little Stone Church" is the name widely applied to this Union Congregational Church on Mackinac Island.  Established in 1900, the building had its cornerstone laid August 2, 1904. The stones, said to have been collected from the Island, include relatively angular as well as rounded rubble and also several "hard-rock" stones.  The originally rubble fragments are the most common constituents of the main walls.  The "hard-rock" fieldstones, most of which are dressed, are the predominant constituents of the other elements, which are commonly considered chiefly decorative -- e.g., the stones around the windows and main entrance, the corner buttress-like structures and the two vertical accents that are between the large window and the two smaller windows on the front façade.  Note also the fact that the sill of the window is concrete.  
               The close-up on the lower right of the top composite includes the cornerstone.  The two other photographs provide views that exemplify the diversity of the shapes and compositions of the stones of the large expanses of the church's outer walls.   
               The two lower photographs show the main entrance, which is bordered by dressed, chiefly "hard-rock" stones and a close-up of similarly dressed stones from another of the so-to-speak architectural accents.  

  
             Restaurant. This subsidiary restaurant is part of the Grand Hotel Complex on Mackinac Island.  It is my understanding that in the past it has been known under several  different names.  Currently, I have heard islanders refer to it as either the "Jockey Club" or the "Grand Stand."  I was unable to get access to the structure so can only suggest, on the basis of photographs, that most of the stones appear to be "limestone" rubble that has been rounded, probably by lake-shore activities.  Both the shapes and sizes of the stones between the windows range rather widely.  Contrariwise, the single course of stones  directly above the windows consists of a single course of stones with similar shapes and of approximately the same size.    


           Former Cobblestone Café & Motel These two structures were formerly south of Indian Village, on the lake side of State Street in St. Ignace.  They were built in the late 1920s or early 1930s and razed after the 1957 tourist season.  Many of the stones of the café were small boulders rather than cobbles, as the name suggested.  It appears from the photograph, however, that at least many of the stones of the second building were cobbles.  Harry Leafdale is thought to have been the builder, including the masonry.  Ed and Ida Quay were the original owners.  In an advertisement in Before the Bridge (Kiwanis ..., 1957, p. 199), it is noted that "this cafe has been in operation since 1929,"  and Don Vaughn is noted as the owner. The three unit motel is said to have been a garage when it was first built.  (Illustration is a photographic copy of a postcard in Phyllis Massey's collection.)   

 
           Former Mackinac County Airport Terminal at St. Ignace.  As noted on the sign, this fieldstone-faced building dates to 1934.   It was the airport terminal until 2001. The stones are virtually all "hard-rocks."  The close-ups beneath the main photograph show:   left, a breccia;   center, a "bull --i.e., vein -- quartz" fragment;   [and]   right, epidote (green) veins transected by quartz (off-white) veins, both within the granitic rock that is to the right of the "bull quartz" in the center close-up. 

 
           Former Store. This building, currently used for storage, is southeast of the southern junction of Gorman Rd. with the Mackinac Trail.  The early history of the building is unknown.  From at least the mid 1930s to the late 1960s, it was, at least intermittently, a store.  People known to have run the store include Fred Houle, Janet Steele, Eugene and Hattie Mills, and Margaret Shreve.  Records and people with whom I have talked indicate that the building may date back to 1907 and perhaps to the 1800s.  Two people think that the store was also once a Gulf gasoline station when this part of the Mackinac Trail was the main road -- i.e., former Rte. 2 -- between St. Ignace and Sault Sainte Marie;  another person, however, believes that that station was, instead, at the northern junction of Gorman Rd. and the trail.  Kevin Montie (p.c. July, 2012) indicates that this store was run by the Wiggins during the 1960s, but that soon thereafter they moved the business about two miles northward to an area on the western side of Mackinac Trail that is about one-quarter mile north of the bridge over the Carp River (see "Wing walls occur...".).  He also said that no gas station was with the former store at that time, but that gasoline pumps were at the Carp River location.  As a matter of fact, an old sign gasoline station sign is still there. 
               Most of the stones of this building are "hard rock" boulders, very likely from nearby fields.


  RESIDENCES





           Farm house This house, on Portage Rd., St. Ignace, is said to date back to at least the first quarter of the 20th century.  Long-time residents of St. Ignace call it the Porter House, after its long-time residents. Lee Porter, a dairy farmer, delivered milk to many families in St. Ignace and the surrounding area for many years.  A photograph of one of the milk bottles, which is in the collection of Ollie Boynton, is shown below the two main photographs.  
               The kinds of stones included indicate that they probably came from glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits in nearby fields.  The middle photo, a close-up, shows the coarseness of the aggregate used in the original mortar and the general character of the finer mortar that was added later to repair parts of the original mortar joints. The coarseness of the original aggregate is unlike any I have seen elsewhere except in parts of Hadrian's Wall near Newcastle, northern England.  

  
           Residence on the west side of North State Street in St. Ignace.  Harry Leafdale, who lived in this house for many years, is thought also to have been the builder and mason.  The house dates back to at least the 1930s. 

 
           Residence north of Rte. 134, northwest of Hessel.  The original stone-faced home was built for Albert Linberg during the 1920s or 1930s.  The  stones, virtually all "hard rocks," are thought to have been brought in from the Goetzville area, Chippewa County.  The pattern of these stones roughly resembles what I have referred to as the "Isabella polka dot" pattern in the central part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan (Dietrich, 2008 -- cf. Fig H2,p. 23).   Mary Hill (p.c., July 2012) has informed me that the mason who built this house was brought to this area from Gladwin County, which is just northeast of Isabella County, where the alluded to "Isabella polka dot" pattern is common and was so-named.     

 
           Residence on Cedar Rd. in Hessel.  The lower floor, which is stone-faced, is the original house.  The second floor is a later addition.  Trees and other growth precluded my getting an overall view of this house. The stones of the house are a mixture of "hard-rock" stones and rubble.  As shown on the left, which is part of the back of the house, most of the stones are "hard-rock" cobbles, a rather large percentage of which have relatively flat exposed surfaces. The source of the flat slabs of "limestone" at the corner and along the sides of the windows is unknown;  but, considering their shapes, it seems likely that they were parts of relatively large rubble "boulders" like those that occur widely within the area -- e.g., along the nearby lakeshore.  

 
           Residence on Grove St. in Cedarville. This cobblestone-faced house is said to date to the mid-1940s. A large percentage of the component stones are "hard rocks." The close-up photographs show the following characteristics:  
                              Left,  A typical section of the cobblestone facing.
                              Right,  A corner, where relatively flat, roughly discoidal, stones were used. 


           Former residence in a wooded area north of Cheeseman Rd.  This house is known to pre-date the mid-1900s, and seems, on the basis of the trees near it, to have been built well before that.  Most of its stones are subrounded to rounded fieldstones or parts thereof.  They comprise a mixture that consists largely of "limestone" with only a few "hard rocks."  The large size of a few of the rocks -- e.g., the one below the left corner of the left window in the main photograph -- and the diverse shapes of the stones along the corners are particularly interesting.  


           Summer cottage on Brevort Lake on the north side of the extension of White Birch Road,which is also noted as Old Place Rd. on the road marker at its junction with Brevort Lake Rd. (Rte. H57).  This cottage was built in 1936-1937 by Joseph Luepnitz. 

            

           Summer home on northwestern Marquette Island of "the Snows" (Les Cheneaux), near Hessel.  This structure, which includes six bedrooms, as well as the large central section, was built in 1917 for Edward K. Hardy.  John Stanholm, a Scandinavian immigrant, is thought to have been the mason.  Since 1941, it has been owned by former U.S. Senator Prentiss M. Brown and his heirs.  Most of the stones are "limestone" rubble fragments -- i.e, only a few "hard-rock" cobbles are included.  All of these stones are said to have come from the island and nearby lake bottom. 
               A few parts of this structure are shown below the main photograph:  
                              Left,  A close-up that shows the predominance of "limestone" rubble in the masonry.
                              Center,  One of two fireplaces that are in the large room, which extends end to end in the central unit of the building. 
                              Right,  One of two of the decorative walls with arched openings that occur at the ends of the complex. 
               Similar stones have other roles here and there on the rest of this property -- e.g., decorative and functional walls that are around the tennis court and along pathways.  A stone-faced "blockhouse," "warehouse" and icehouse..., each of which are shown in this album, are also on this property. 
  
   
           "Blockhouse" is the name widely applied to this building, which is near the northwestern end of Marquette Island.  The designation is based on the shape of the building, which was made to resemble that of military blockhouses -- e.g., those on Mackinac Island.  Most of its facing stones are cobble-sized, and both "limestone" and "hard rocks" are included.  This building, built as the "guest house" of the preceding Summer Home, was built in or about 1917.     

  
           "Cabin" near the eastern shore of Bois Blanc Island.  This building was built in 1934 as a log cabin.  The stone masonry was added in the 1960s.  Most of the stones are "hard-rocks" from nearby Lake Huron. Their variety, especially so far as their shapes, is evident in the left close-up, which shows part of the lower courses of the chimney.  The shapes and sizes of the stones chosen for corners is exemplified by the the close-up on the right.  
   
  
           Officers' Stone Quarters at Fort Mackinac, Mackinac Island.  This building, built in the 1780s, is "The only building remaining from the British era and the only one built entirely of limestone [--i.e., "limestone"]" (Petersen, 1973, p.30).  Until 1876, it provided quarters for two officers, including the fort commandant, and their families.  Bedrooms and parlors were on the upper floor; kitchens and dining rooms were on the lower level.  Even though obscured by the paint, it is clear that a few well-rounded boulders, most likely"hard-rock" stones transported into the region by glacial ice, occur along with the predominant "limestone" -- notice, for example, the two stones near the upper left corner of the close-up on the right.   The close-up on the left shows the dressed stones of the chimney. Currently, the front part of the lower level of this building is the fort Tea Room. 

  OTHER BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES  

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
           "Blast shack" is the name generally given for this fieldstone-faced structure, which is north of Rte. 2, west of Brevort.  The size -- ~ 14 x 12-feet, with roof peak ~13 feet high -- along with the windowless sides, thickness of the walls and overall character of the interior of this building evince its use as a place where explosives were stored.  Notice that with few exceptions the walls, other than the corners, are faced by cobbles rather than boulders;  I suspect that this, as well as the thickness of the walls, was considered an important safety measure for a building with this function.  In any case, nearly all of the stones consist of "hard rocks."  
               The blue paint, apparently added during a reunion (1987?) of members of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), indicates that the building dates to 1933-1937, whenCCC Company #1664 members were stationed nearby.  This group referred to themselves as the "Lost Legion" and to their barracks area as "Camp Moran." For additional information about the CCC in the area, see Heritage... (1998). 

           
           Fort Mackinac Blockhouses on Mackinac Island.  Three are present:  One on the west, one on the north and one on the east.  The one on the west is said to be the most photographed building on the grounds of the fort.  In this album, the one on the north is shown in the two top photographs, and the one on the east is in the two lower photographs.These two blockhouses are indicated to date from 1798. 
               The upper right view gives an indication of the diverse sizes and shapes of the constituent stones.  The lower left photograph shows the lower level of this blockhouse.  Notice also the makeup of the chimneys. 
               Like the other stone structures at the fort, the stones of the lower level(s) of the blockhouses are painted white.  On the basis of their shapes, sizes and surfaces most of these stones appear to be "limestones" but a few "hard-rock" stones appear also to have been included in each of these structures. 
  
           Icehouse & Woodshed on Marquette Island.  This structure, with the enclosed part a former ice house and the open part where wood was stored, is another of chiefly stone-faced buildings included in the complex that includes the Summer Home, "Warehouse" and "Blockhouse"  on northwestern Marquette Island.  It was apparently built during the same general time that these buildings were built -- i.e., ~1917. 
--&&&--
           Kilns The word structures, included in the subheading for this section, applies in particular to the next three entries.  None of them is a building in the true sense.  The first one is known to have been a lime kiln;  the second one has been tentatively identified as a lime kiln;  the function of the third one is yet to be determined.  

               As can be seen, this stone structure on Mackinac Island is recorded as a "Lime Kiln" and is said to date to 1780.  It was about a quarter of a mile from the fort, and the lime produced in the kiln is said to have been used by the soldiers in construction of the fort (Petersen, 1973). 
               At least some of the "lime kilns" of this area were used to "burn" dolostone rather than, or as well as, limestone.  The product of "burning" dolostone is CaO, MgO whereas that of "burning" limestone is CaO;  both, however, were likely referred to as lime or burnt lime at that time, as indeed they continue to be in  many places even today.  In any case, whatever the product was called, most of it was apparently used as mortar for stonework.

 
               This "structure" is on the lake side of Rabbits Back Stack.  Its remains consist largely of "limestones," many of which are block-like though of various sizes and overall shapes.  Nearly all of the "blocks" have weathered surfaces. The characteristic weathered surfaces plus their overall shapes indicate that at least most of these "blocks" represent rubble rather than building stones that were removed -- e.g., quarried -- from the nearby bedrock. The structure is roughly cylindrical with an inside diameter of about nine feet and a backside height of about eight feet.  Trees around the structure indicate that it is at least 75 years old, and it seems likely that it dates back several more years, perhaps to the 1700s.  Indeed, Eby (1928, p.36) describes it as one "of the old French lime kilns," which would date it as existing before the mid-1700s.  
               The shape of a grown over area a few feet away from this structure indicates that a second similar structure was once there or at least once in the process of construction there.  I wonder if it, in fact, if either of these structures may have been used to make charcoal rather than "lime." 


               These remains of a kiln are east of the former railroad track, south of Kenneth.  This kiln may be one of "about seven" charcoal kilns that were part of the Martel Furnace Company venture of the 1880s (Kiwanis, 1957, p.82).  I say "may be" because Luepnitz (1936?, p.10) reports, on the basis of his personal observations, that the Martel Furnace Company's charcoal kilns were on the William Pecta farm near Allenville.  In any case, although recorded as charcoal kilns, these kilns are widely referred to as lime kilns by nearby residents. The old brick, shown on the lower right, was found near this kiln.  
--&&&--


           "Powder (dynamite) Magazine" on the grounds of State Park, Mackinac Island.  This small, nearly square, stone building consists of both "limestone" and "hard-rock" stones.  The walls are approximately seven feet long, outside dimension.  It is not known for sure when this building was made, but apparently "after the fort was abandoned (1895) and probably between 1920-1940" (Phil Porter, p.c., 2010).  Perhaps it dates to the 1930s when the CCC was on the island.  



           "Playhouse" on Avery Point in Hessel Bay.  This building is thought to date back to at least the 1910s.  It is part of a complex that includes a summer home, a boathouse, a teepee-shaped whatever, and other structures. Although I have only seen this building from a distance, and the photographs were taken with a telephoto lens, it seems safe to say that the stones very likely came from nearby. 
               The close-up, to the right of the larger photograph, shows:  1.the relative abundance of dark-colored stones on the smaller chimney and  2.the fact that stones of about the same size make up the individual courses of the wall.  
               The inset close-up shows the characteristics of the corner of the building (entranceway?) to its left. 

               

           Root cellar. This former root cellar, north of Rte. 139, just west of Cedarville, is said to have been built about 1910.  Nearly all of the stones are "limestone" rubblefrom relatively nearby rock formations.  Many of the rubble fragments have been rounded -- some apparently only by weathering, others more likely during stream transport or while they were on the lakeshore.   
 

           "Warehouse" is the name one of the long-time owners applies to this building on northwestern Marquette Island.  Built in the late 1910s or early 1920s, its original use is not known.  Currently it is used as storage shed. Its facing consists of rounded "limestone" rubble and "hard-rock" stones from the island and nearby lakeshore.  The building in the background shows the chimneys of the fireplaces in the large gathering room of the Summer Home of this complex.  



 PARTS of BUILDINGS
               St. Ignace's LaSalle High School and a few residences within the area are faced in part by masonry that features fieldstones.  These buildings, along with a few examples of fieldstone-faced entranceways, foundations, porches, chimneys and other residence-related uses are treated in this section.  The examples shown were chosen to indicate the variety of these features that occur. That is to say, the list is not inclusive -- i.e., several more of these fieldstone-based parts of buildings occur within the area.

           Partial Facings. Although these are functional as siding, several are better characterized as decorative.  
  
                        LaSalle High School is on Portage Rd. in St. Ignace.  Built in 1961-1962, this school was first used in the Fall of 1962. Split-face fieldstones serve as “decorative” portions of the two walls that are shown. G. Arntzen & Co. of Escanaba is recorded as the architect(s).  Jack Riness, formerly of East Lake, is said to have been responsible for the stone masonry. 
               Nearly all of the fieldstones of these walls are "hard rocks."  Each has been split and its split-face is exhibited.  Although the stones are said to have come from a nearby sand and gravel pit, the identity of a few of them indicates that at least they were brought into the area from elsewhere. 



                        Residence with fieldstone trim on the east side of Huron St., St. Ignace.  This masonry, which exposes the natural surfaces of rounded fieldstones, is said to date back to the 1950s.  Ned Fenlon is said to have been responsible for the masonry, but it is unclear as to whether this means that he had it done as owner, which he was, or if he may also have done the masonry.
               Notice also the fieldstone-faced chimneys.  In addition, a fieldstone wall, which is said to have been laid during the same time period, is on the street side of this house and originally extended southward along a couple other lots. 
               The small photo on the bottom right is a close-up of part of the dolerite fieldstone to its left.   


             
                        Residence with fieldstone-faced section on the south side of Duke’s Rd. in Moran.  Albert Langstaff is said to have built the house, including the masonry in 1949.  Both stones with their natural surfaces and stones with their split-faces exposed are included.  A few of the stones -- e.g., two jasper puddingstone cobbles, which are above the doorway -- were brought into the area from, I suspect, eastern Chippewa County (e.g., Drummond Island) or perhaps Bois Blanc Island of Mackinac County.


                        Residence with fieldstone-faced section, near the end of E. Adolphus St. in Moran.  The fieldstones that grace the front of this house are chiefly small boulders with their split-faces exposed.   Several kinds of igneous, metamorphic and migmatitic rocks, which were glacially transported southward from Canada, are included.   Two particular interesting ones are shown. 
    

            
                        House with stone trim, on the bluff east of East Lake.  This stone masonry veneer is beside the main entrance.  It is included here as an example of the masonry of Jack Riness, one of the area's well-known masons.  Riness and his wife, who was from near Tupelo, Mississippi, and their children lived in this house.  It is said that they were the first family to have lived the "year around" at East Lake.  
               Nearly all of the stones of this façade are sandstone, albeit a rather diverse variety.  Some of these stones appear possibly to represent split-faces of fieldstones.  It is not known, however, whether all, none or only some of them are really parts of fieldstones rather than of quarried and dressed bedrock.  In any case, split-faces, some of which appear to represent former bedding planes, are exposed.  The mortar joints are those widely referred to as beaded (see close-up). 


                        Summer place on Marquette Island of Les Cheneaux Islands, near Cedarville, with its lower level faced by split stones and the flat sides of rubble.  The masonry of this summer home, widely referred to as the Armour House, was done during the 1930s.  All of these photographs were taken with telephoto lens while I was in a boat -- i.e., I was unable to see this masonry and the stones included otherwise. The "close-ups" show details of the stonework over a doorway, a window and a double window.  Each consists of stones that were dressed to produce the desired pattern.  Notice that "red" stones -- naturally red? -- are near the centers of the arches over each of the double windows.
  

 
                        Vacation Home on the north side of Worth Rd., near Brevort.  Part of the front of this home is faced by split-faced fieldstones.  A nearby storage building has a similarly fieldstone-faced lower section, part of which can be seen in the background on the right side of the main photograph.  The current owners, John and Madlyn Masten, had this place built in 1993.  A fieldstone-faced panel behind a stove within the dwelling and an outside fieldstone fireplace on this lot are shown elsewhere in this album On the basis of their compositions, virtually all of the constituent stones could have been picked up from glacial and glacio-fluvial deposits within the nearby area.  However, John, who did the masonry, told me that he brought these stones from near their home in the Ludington area.
       

                        Residence on Adolphus St., Moran.  This house, including the masonry around the main entrance and of the chimney, is said to have been built by John Lipnitz in the 1930s.  "Limestone" rubble, "hard-rock" stones and even brick are included in the entranceway.  


           Foundations and Porches Masonry that includes fieldstones constitutes many foundations and the facings of several porches within the area.  The following are examples. 

                        Foundation of St. Ignatius Loyola Catholic Church in St. Ignace.  The cornerstone of this church, established in 1670, is dated  1904 (see lower middle photo).  The sections of the current building's foundation include several noteworthy features:  Virtually all of the stones are "hard-rock" stones, probably from nearby glacial and glaciofluvial desposits.  Most are boulders;  a few are cobbles;  all have split-face surfaces exposed.  Some sections of the foundation have rather uncommon mixtures of the different sized stones.  A bead, originally painted red, but now faded in most places, occurs on top of the mortar of most of the surfaces.  Where present, the diameter of the bead is markedly less than the exposed widths of the mortar.  Although the bead typically surrounds the individual stones, here and there it extends around two adjacent stones, and in a few places is atop a stone's exposed surface (see photo on upper right).  One area of the stone masonry of this foundation was placed more recently -- i.e., about 25 years ago (Ollie Boynton, p.c., 20100).  It consists of similar "hard-rock" stones, but the mortar joints have no bead (see photo on lower right).


                        Foundation plus of a cabin-home on the eastern side of the Mackinac Trail north of Garden Hill Creek.  Built in 1940, the fieldstone part of this structure is approximately 4½ feet thick at its base and gradually decreases upward to a little less that 2 feet thick at its top. Most of the fieldstones are "hard rocks" that were glacially transported into this area from Canada.   A few, however, are slightly rounded rubble fragments derived from fairly nearby sedimentary rock formations -- note, in particular, the light gray ones near the corner. 


                        Foundation and "cellar" wall of summer home on east side of Bois Blanc Island.  The facing of this foundation consists of stones from the surrounding area, including the shore of Lake Huron.  John Engel, the owner, did the masonry in 2002. His stonework includes several "images" -- e.g., the "faces" of two guardians one on each side of the "cellar" door, which is foreshortened in the lower right photograph. The three stones shown on the right side of the main photograph are relatively uncommon in stone structures within the Mackinac County part of the Straits area. 


                        Foundation-like arrangement of stones around the base of a trailer in the trailer park on Grove St., Cedarville.  These stones, most of which were collected nearby, have been added by Derinda and Mike Mann, the owners, within the last two or so years.  The close-up, lower right, shows the corner of this faux foundation that is behind the wooden pole in the main photograph.  The two stones that resemble an animal track and a human skull, which are two favorites of the owners, are on display elsewhere on their plot.  Stones like these, which resemble other objects, are called mimetoliths -- see Dietrich, 2010a.

 
                        Foundation & "stoop" of a house on the eastern side of Schoolhouse Rd., Brevort.  The milk can is on the area referred to as a stoop -- at least that is the name usually applied to these "small porches" in my native northern New York. The mortar around the stones of the foundation and the stoop and the makeup of the slabs that constitute the "railing" appear to be identical concrete -- i.e., their cement and aggregate are indistinguishable, at least macroscopically.  This is mentioned because the penny, dated 1941, is embedded in the concrete near the bottom of the sloping "railing" on the left.   This, of course, does not mean that the masonry dates to 1941, although it may;  it means only that the concrete of the railing was made some time after this 1941 penny was in circulation.  I suspect, however, that the penny was "new" when the concrete was made, and therefore is another example of how the masonry of some fieldstone structures can be dated, at least tentatively (for other examples, see Dietrich, 2010).   In any case, this general date agrees with the fact that the original residents are said to have lived in this house when the "man of the house" returned from WWII.  So, the masonry appears to date to the early or  mid 1940s.  
  

                        Porch  on the north side of Bertrand Street in St. Ignace. The base of this porch, the supports for its posts and the risers of its steps are faced withfieldstones, most of which have "hard rock" compositions.  The stone on the left, an amphibolite, is part of the stone work.  The stone in the center, an amygdaloidal volcanic rock, was loose beside the porch and may or may not have once been part of the masonry;  the photograph to its right is a close-up that shows the character of the amygdules.
   
  

                        Porch on the west side of the west branch of Martin Road, which extends north of Rte. 2 west of St. Ignace.   This is the only fieldstone masonry  face that I have ever seen painted black.  No one seems to know why this was done.

  
     
                        Porch with split-faced stones -- see close-up --  and Chimney with the natural surfaces of its stones exposed.  This is cabin No. 1 of the Loreli group at Hessel.  It is said to have been built in the the late 1920s.  John Stanholm, a Scandinavian immigrant, is credited with the masonry.  

           Chimneys and two additional uses. One of the most common uses of fieldstones within the area was, and continues to be, to face chimneys, especially those for fireplaces.  There are literally scores of these chimneys. Those shown here are examples that are indicative of the fact that each is quite unique.  Additional chimneys can be seen in some of the other photographs.           
               A story about Edwin W. Windberg, a former well-known mason in the area, warrants recording here:  While building a stone chimney, Windberg was told that the man for whom he was working was "poor pay."  Upon hearing this, Windberg, unbeknown to the man, placed a pane of glass horizontally across the opening of the chimney before adding higher courses and "completing" the masonry.  The following Fall, the man, who, as a matter of fact, had not paid for the work, called Windberg and told him the chimney was no good, that it did not draw, ... .  Windberg is said to have responded, "If you pay me, I will come out there, and guarantee that when I leave the chimney will work."  The man then paid for the work. Windberg put up a ladder, climbed to the top of the chimney, dropped a boulder into the opening, thus breaking the glass, whereupon the chimney drew, etc.
               The additional uses are also shown as examples of ways fieldstones have been used in masonry within the area.       


                        Chimneys 
                                     A,
 on Boulevard Drive, St. Ignace:  The "log house" precursor of this house was moved from its original location when the "Big Mac" bridge was being built.  The chimney was added later, probably during the 1950s. 
                                     B, on a cabin at Ponchartrain Shores.   
                                     C, on a house on the north side of Dickerson Street, St. Ignace.   
                                     D, on the house on the southwestern corner of Casey and Huron streets, St. Ignace.   
 
                                    E, on the west side of Huron St., next-door to "D," in St. Ignace. 
  

                         "Leaning Chimney of Brevort Lake."  Not the "Leaning Tower of Pisa" -- But, while viewing this chimney -- and, by the way, the flag pole is vertical! -- one wonders such things as:  Was it built that way?   Has any budding scientist dropped objects of different weights from its top? ...?  -- Unfortunately, I have been unable to find anyone who could answer my questions about this chimney.  Consequently, it seems only safe to say that it consists largely of small boulders and cobbles that were probably collected from nearby deposits of glacial and/or glacio-fluvial transported rocks that were once part of Canada's bedrock.   See some later learnedinformation about this chimney in the Additions and Revisions:        Parts of Buildings      Chimney   section at the beginning of this file. 


                        Stairs & Pedestals.  Most uses that I consider "additional ..." are rare, and some are probably singular, at least within this area. Two are illustrated by the above photographs.  Left, Fieldstones plus mortar comprise both the steps and risers of these stairs to the back door of this house, which is on the north side of Rockview Rd., east of Three-Mile Rd.  Right, Fieldstone and mortar pedestals serve as the bases for the "log" posts at the corners of the covered back entrance to this same house. 

           Indoor Fireplaces.  Examples of fieldstone-faced fireplaces and a fireproof backing for a stove are included in this subsection.  Several additional fieldstone-faced fireplaces are in residences of the area.  On the other hand, the fire-proof panel that is shown is one of only two that I have seen within the area.  
 

                        Fireplace in the former Mackinac County Airport Terminal at St. Ignace.  The mortar to stone ratio is greater for this fireplace than virtually all of the others I have seen within the area.   


                        Fireplace in a summer home in Hessel.  This fireplace, built in 1979 by Edwin Winberg, is faced by split-face chiefly "hard-rock" boulders from the nearby area.  The current heating unit, however, is gas-fueled.  As shown by the photograph on the lower right, a similarly faced area, which is outside of the fireplace, constitutes a sizeable part of the southwestward-facing side of this home.  


                        Fireplace and chimney of another summer home in Hessel.  A second, back-to-back fireplace is in the master bedroom. This side includes several remarkable stones, a few of which have special connections for the owners.  Three examples are shown:  Top, a stone, which exhibits differential erosion, that was collectedon Beaver Island by one of the owner's mother;  Center, a cobble, which includes a  fault, that was collected by her father at Whitefish Point (this one was wetted when photographed);  Bottom, a quartzite boulder from Poor Mountain, Virginia, which is near her birthplace.  Most of the rest of the stones came from near Moran and from old dock cribs around the Les Cheneaux islands.  This fireplace was built in the early 1990s;  Eldon and Edwin Winberg were the masons.  



                        Fireplace in a residence on the north side of Rockview Rd. east of three-mile Rd.  
                                     Left,  The stones of this fireplace, other than the relatively large boulders of "jasper puddingstone" -- e.g., the central, roughly heart-shaped stone below the mantel and four of the large stones in the front part of the hearth -- came from nearby.  This "puddingstone" -- from the Lorrain Formation of Ontario -- is well known and widely sought for such use.  Although this rock is not known to occur as fieldstones within the glacial deposits of Upper Peninsula part of this county, it does occur on Bois Blanc.  These boulders, however, came from Drummond Island, which is part of Chippewa County. The masonry is said to have been done in 2002.  
                                     Right, The outside chimney for this fireplace.  The large central boulder of this chimney is also "puddingstone" from the Lorrain Formation.
  

                        Indoor fireplace in a summer home on the east side of Bois Blanc Island.  This fireplace, with split-face stones, replaced the brick fireplace that was originally in this residence.  The stone work was done by Jim Vosper, the present owner, and his father in 1933.  The stones came from the shore of Lake Huron. 


                       "Fireproof" backing for the stove in the vacation home north of Worth Rd, north of Brevort.  Split faces of the stones are displayed.  Several different igneous and metamorphic rocks that were glacially transported southward into Michigan from Canada during the last "Ice Age" are included.  The masonry was done by John Masten.


           Former Fireplace-chimneys.  A few fireplace-chimneys that stand alone are within the area -- i.e., they are no longer connected to their original building or any inhabitable remains of that original dwelling.  Some of these are relatively large and consequently serve as prominent "landmarks." In any case, these structures, which are quite different from outdoor fireplaces, provide strong support for the lesson that was to be learned from the old Fairy Tale about the big bad wolf, who "huffed and puffed ..." on the three little pigs' houses that were built of straw, sticks and stones (or bricks) -- a tale that was often told to children of my generation. That is to say, these structures make it quite obvious that structures made of stones and mortar outlast structures made of such things as wood.   

      
               This one dates from the 18th or early 19th century (See text on plaque).   
               Both of the old photographs are said to show the remains of the chimney that was part of Shabwaway's cabin, which was located near "Chimney Point" on eastern Marquette Island.  The photograph on the left, slightly cropped, is attributed to Myron E. Wheeler (Grover, 1911, Frontispiece);  the photograph on the right is from the collection in the Les Cheneaux Historical Museum at Cedarville.  These two photographs seem not to be of the same structure, even if they are considered to have been taken at different times as the structure was deteriorating.  An alternative explanation can be hypothesized on the basis of the following "facts":  "this chimney was, until some five years ago [i.e., ~1906], in the condition shown [i.e., as shown in the left photograph] ... when some campers thoughtlessly tore down the upper part of it.  ... [Subsequently, a person] replaced it as carefully as possible, with the same stones thus torn down, and upon the same foundation," (op. cit., p.64-65) which would be the structure shown in the right photograph.  However, this explanation seems unlikely, at least to me, when one considers the differences between the two structures.  So, . . . ?  In any case, the makeup of both structures appears to have included both "hard-rock" stones and "limestone" rubble like that now along the nearby lakeshore.  Unfortunately, no stones that seem to represent the former chimney remain at the location.  The brass plaque on the marker, which consists of fieldstones and concrete, is located at the former site of the chimney.    


               This fireplace and its chimney was part of the former clubhouse of the St. Ignace Golf Course.  The clubhouse and stone fire-place-chimney are said to have been built in the late 1920s and razed in 1998.  Fortunately, this chimney has been preserved and remains in fine shape. 
                              Left,  the out-of-doors part of chimney. 
                              Center,  the chimney and clubhouse in 1953 
(photo courtesy of Ollie Boynton).
                              Right,  the indoor side of the structure.  Notice the features, bottom to top, that can are exhibited:  the fireplace, which is faced by split-face surfaces of fieldstones;  the section that was covered by the top four logs of the wall and the siding of the gable part of the clubhouse;  [and]  the top several inches that include stones that were exposed to the "elements" above the peak of the roof.


               This fireplace and its chimney served a cabin that was formerly northwest of the intersection of Church St. and Duke's Rd. in Moran.  The sequence of features, bottom to top, is essentially the same as that described for the preceding fireplace-chimney.  The round hole above the fireplace was for the stovepipe of the cook (and heating) stove within the cabin. The cabin and chimney were built by Frank Becker in 1934. The black and white photographs show the cabin when the chimney was being built and soon after it was completed (black and white photos, courtesy of Kay Matelski). 

               Two more: Left, This one is on the lake side of White Birch Rd., near Brevort Lake.  Originally, it was the source of heat for a homestead that is said to have dated back to at least the early 1900s.  Today, it sometimes is used as an outdoor fireplace.  This fireplace, unlike the two preceding ones, is faced by the natural, rounded surfaces of its constituent fieldstones.
                                     Right, This two-flue chimney is near the east bank of Pine River, north of Rte. 134.  Built in the 1950s, it served as the flue for a fireplace and for two other heating units.  It was at the so-to-speak second generation "Sofie's Tavern."  The original Sofie's Tavern, which was located about a mile to the west, on the western side of the Mackinac Trail, was reputed to be a favorite "watering hole" for steel workers who worked on the Mackinac Bridge.  Part of an advertisement in Before the Bridge(Kiwanis ..., 1957, p. 221), states: "See the wheels [two, I am told] that spun the 41,000 miles of wire on the Mackinac Bridge."-- apparently a tie between the workers and the tavern.  The successor to the original tavern, of which the photographed chimney was a part, became a popular stopping place for deer hunters. The former roof line, which slants downward to the right, is readily apparent.  This second tavern was destroyed by fire "about 30 years ago."    


               This one is on Rabbits Back Peak Peninsula, near the shore of Lake Huron.  The area of white defaced stones  is not the work of gulls;  it is white paint, apparently the work of vandals.   According to a long-term resident of the area:  This chimney and an adjoining cabin were built in the early 1950s;  John Englehardt and his family lived in the cabin for several years;  [and] as of the late 1980s, the main building had deteriorated and "was no more."
              This fireplace-chimney that featured the natural faces of fieldstones was part of a residence that was located on the hillside north of State Street (Rte. 75B) east of downtown St. Ignace.  The house was torn down in the late 1970s.  In any case, the continued existence of even this part of the fireplace provides another good example of the durability of stone masonry.  In fact, the stone part of this fireplace has even outlasted the part of the associated chimney that was brick.  I suspect, however, that at least some of those bricks may have been recovered for reuse elsewhere.  The topography, perhaps due to the former existence of a cellar, and overgrowth made it extremely difficult for us to get these two photographs.  (The khaki cloth in the lower left is the knee of my slacks;  I was in a rather precarious position while taking the photographs;  Charlie Brown was holding the trees and bushes so some of the stones would show.)   


                 Parts of the buildings that once were served by these last two fireplace-chimney examples also remain.  Nonetheless, they also provide examples of how structures that consist of stones and mortar outlast most of the other common building materials, in these cases, predominantly wood.
                              Left,  This fireplace(?)-chimney was part of a small residence west of the northern end of Martin Rd. The positions of the old logs of the wall right up to its peak are evident.  The stones of the structure are virtually all "hard rocks" and consist largely of boulders near the bottom, which is overgrown but can be seen on the outdoors side.  Cobbles, including some rather small ones are higher up -- see, for example, those that are above the former peak.  The makeup of the fireplace, if indeed there was one, is unknown;  it appeared unwise to try to remove the logs etc. that now cover it to make this determination.  It is believed that this residence dated back to at least the 1930s. The fact that it had electricity indicates that it probably did not fall to nonuse until after the mid-1900s.         
                              Right, This fireplace-chimney was part of a cabin near the shore of Lake Michigan near Gros Cap.  The stones used to make it were loose on the nearby shore.  They consist of diverse "limestones" derived from relatively nearby formations. The masonry of this structure, which was done by Joe Moody, dates to the late 1960s.  

~~<<+>>~~ 


I
I. OTHER USES 
               The diverse uses of fieldstones for things other than the facings and other parts of buildings is amazing.  More than a few of the uses have made me marvel at (wo)man’s ingenuity.  These uses range from strictly functional to merely decorative, and some of them serve both purposes rather well.  So far as this area
               The fieldstone population within much of this area differs markedly from that of other areas where I have made similar studies.  The main difference relates to the predominance of loose fragments of "limestone" in much of the area.  "Hard-rock" fieldstones are, however, predominant in a few parts of the area.  And, fieldstones of both of these kinds of rocks occur together here and there.  However, despite the overall predominance of "limestone" rubble in much of the area, most of the uses treated in the following, as well as in the preceding, parts of this album involve "hard-rock" fieldstones. This may lead some readers to think that my coverage in this album has been overly influenced on the basis of my earlier experiences and my predilections as a "hard-rock" geologist.  So be it.  Actually, it is quite clear that "hard-rock" stones were preferred by most of the people who have used fieldstones within the area.  This preference is easily explained:  Virtually all "hard-rock" fieldstones have more attractive colors and textures and are more durable than "limestone" rubble.   

   
LANDSCAPE ACCENTS
               The most widespread use of fieldstones within the county is to modify the appearances of landscapes. Althought this use appears to be concentrated in some areas -- e.g., Hessel and parts of Cedarville and St. Ignace -- it occurs sporadically throughout the whole area.  The stones that are used range in size from pebbles to large boulders.  As already mentioned, both "limestone" rubble and divese "hard-rock" stones are used. In some places, only one or the other of these two kinds of stones are used;  in other places, mixtures of both have been used.  
               In viewing the diverse uses of this genre, one wonders how many of the stones that are being used were originally moved merely to get them out of the way -- e.g., so they would no longer trip someone or ruin the blades of some farm tool or the land owner's lawn mower.  However, it is known that some of these stones have been purchased, either as individual stones, usually boulders, or in numbers and transported over relatively long distances to be put in their current locations.  Indeed, fieldstones, especially "hard-rock" cobbles and boulders, are widely marketed as "designer stones."
               Fieldstones as landscape accents range from single boulders, placed as "highlights," to large numbers of fieldstones of similar or diverse sizes, shapes and ompositions,that have been arranged around such things as flower beds, shrubbery, flagpoles, mailboxes and along driveways. The examples included in this volume provide only a sampling of the uses within the area.  Several other examples could serve the purpose equally well.  Indeed, a large volume, much larger and more colorful than this one, could be compiled about these uses within this area!

           Boulders serve as landscape accents at many places.  These are great to see, especially for those who, like me, have never seen a rock that doesn’t make them stop to look at it and to think -- think about its origin, its subsequent history, how it got to where it is, etc., etc.  In addition, some of us also tend to consider each boulder that is, or is part of, a landscape accent on the basis of its aesthetics and how it fits its location:  Why was this one chosen?   What does it say to those see it?  Is its presence inviting?  foreboding?  . . .  . . .  
                       In addition, my thoughts about these boulders’ current settings have led me to wonder what motivated the person to put them where they are:   Did (s)he just like the looks of the particular boulder and want it nearby?   Was it an ego thing -- i.e., was the property owner’s primary desire to have, for example, the largest boulder in his or her neighborhood?   Was it chosen because of some historical attachment (s)he had to the boulder or perhaps to the place from which it came?  --  One can speculate almost endlessly.  In any case, I have mentally applied one or more adjectives to almost all of these boulders on the bais of how I see them so far as fitting into their surrounding area.  Those adjectives, with connotations that range from highly positive to rather negative, expressed my thoughts as I viewed each of the hundreds of  boulder accents within the area.  Several of the adjectives that came to mind were preceded by "too," "very," or "quite." The following, listed alphabetically, are examples:  Appalling, appealing, appropriate, atrocious, attractive, awful, bizarre, bold, charming, choice, delightful, disgusting, excessive, extravagant, fitting, flamboyant, gaudy, harmonious, hideous, horrendous, horrible, interesting, intriguing, lovely, monstrous, obtrusive, ostentatious, outrageous, pleasing, preposterous, pretentious, repulsive, revolting, showy, suitable, tasteful, terrible, terrific, ugly, weird,  ...  And, I should add that a few led me only to think, or say to myself, "Wow!"  Some viewers of the same boulders would, I feel sure, use other descriptive terms.  Consequently, it seems imprudent for me to characterize any of those shown in this album by any of these terms.  
                       One method by which a few of the accent boulders were moved to their current locations was "new" to me and thus seems to warrant recording:  Janet Werkheiser, upon seeing some boulders with characteristics that she liked under relatively shallow water on the bottom of Lake Huron, loaded them onto two surfboards that were lashed together, and pulled the boards plus the boulders to shore.  From there, the boulders could be moved by commonly used methods and put where she wanted them.  Though quite different, Janet's removing boulders from beneath the water reminded me of the contrasting method used to remove boulders from the lake bottom during the construction of Martin Reef Lighthouse (see Sellman, 1995, p. 29). 

  

                                     Boulder entities. A, This large boulder, on Graham St., Saint Ignace, is a granitic gneiss that includes small folds.  It was moved to thislocation from a pit that was formerly in the area behind LaSalle High School.
                                                                        B, This similarly sized boulder, on Brevort Lake Rd, is a dolerite.  It was moved to this location from the field behind the house.


                                     Boulder plus. This boulder and several other landscapes that feature fieldstones are are on Mackinac Island.  Here, the other features include grass. lichen, moss, small and large trees (including their roots), slabs of rock and a man-made sign -- though granted, nary a flower.  To me, these constituents provide an eclectic overview of the use of fieldstones along with the other elements that characterize the diverse kinds of landscaping on Mackinac Island.  
 
                                    
                                     Boulders in groups occur here and there within the area.  In some places, they are close together;  in other places, they are in so-to-speak patterns.  Those shown here are south of the Keg & Anvil shop on Schoolhouse Rd. in Brevort.  They are part of a complex in which the owners plan to have one or more tepees and a large "peace pipe" as its main features. (The tepee-to-be in the main photograph, with its Norway spruce beams now covered, is 18 feet across (Ayala, 2010)).  These great, at least geologically speaking, boulders came from a small island near the mouth of Pte. Aux Chenes River.  The one on the lower left is a gneiss;  the one on the lower right is a migmatite transected by a granitic dikelet;  the one on the upper right exhibits the effects of differential weathering and erosion.    


                                     Boulders atop boulders.  Stones have been placed atop stones in several places.  Some of them are certainly meant to be landscape accents -- e.g., above, right;  others become such, at least in the broad sense, even though they certainly were not meant to be -- e.g., above, left.  Th Some of them were apparently so-placed just to get them out of the way -- e.g., above, left.  Others were apparently put where they are to prove that boulders of their sizes could be so-balanced, stay that way and become "showpieces" -- e.g., above, right.  
                                                     Left,  This example appears to be an example of just getting the stones on top out of the way.  It is on the south side of Duke's Rd., west of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Cemetery, Moran. 
                                                     Right,  This, to me, is an example of a landscape "showpiece" that proves that boulders of these sizes can be so placed.  The pair are west of Wartella Rd., north of Brevort Lake Rd. (H57), east of Moran.  
             Other occurrences of stones atop boulders (etc.) within the area seem to indicate quite different activities and objectives.  Those shown in the two following photographs and those shown under the subheading "Cairn- and Inukshuk-like stacks of stones," near the end of the album, are examples.   Only one group of these,  the cairn-like stacks near Brevort Lake, appears to have been conceived as landscape accents.  But, each certainly changes the appearance of the landscape where it occurs.   


                                     This group is at Ponchartrain Shores.  The boulder base is much smaller than the two preceding ones -- the surrounding grass and leaves and   the pen knife provide a scale.  The four stones atop this boulder are intriguing:  When I saw them, I could not help but wonder "What little hand or hands put them here?  Why were they put in their relative positions?   . . . ?"  
                     

                                     The base of this group is a relatively large boulder-sized fragment of the breccia formation that constitutes the "stacks" of this area.  The stones atop it are typical of the "limestone" fragments that occur nearby.  This group was on the southwestern shore of Mackinac Island on September 29th, 2010.  The balancing of the relatively large stone, on the right, is rather remarkable.  The close-up is included to direct attention to two mimetoliths:  1.Notice how the upper left part of the balanced stone resembles a person -- parted hair, eyes, etc. -- peering over something (a là Wilson of the TV sitcom Home Improvement).  [and]  2.Notice how the front of the boulder-sized base resembles an animal -- a sheep,  a shaggy dog, whatever -- including its eye. 

                                     Boulders that welcome.  These boulders and painted wagon wheels are on the west side of Wartella Rd. near its northern end.  To me, their grouping must have said to anyone who approached this lane "Welcome, Come In."  Today's quite different directive seems but another "sign of the times."



                                     Boulders as deterrents to traffic, be it foot or vehicle, are widespread within the area.  Several of them are near the borders of the restricted areas.  Some of them actually serve as obstructions.  Others are better described as "signs" to be respected.  Many of these  boulders serve also as "Landscape Accents." The group shown in the two top photographs, which are beside the parking lot for the Ferry on Bois Blanc Island, seem to emphasize the No Parking sign. 



                                     No Trespassing ! ! !  These boulders were placed to keep vehicles from parking or encroaching on the owner's property, which is on both sides of Boulevard Drive, St. Ignace.  The boulder with two sides shown -- upper center and right -- is an especially interesting migmatite, my favorite group of rocks.  The black subplanar mass that transects the rock is a metamorphosed igneous dikelet. 


                                     Driveway "dots".  Small boulders and cobbles along a driveway east of East Lake Rd., just north of Charles Moran Rd.

 
                                     Driveway "dots".  Larger boulders along a driveway off Gros Cap Rd., northeast of St. Ignace.


                                     "Dots" such as these, though neat and tidy, are upsetting to geologists, especially petrologists.  This is true because the stones are painted. Be the colors patriotic -- i.e., red, white and blue -- or green, yellow, purple, ... black or brown, painting of stones, whatever their use, conceals their identities and other features, each of which is a "document" that may be important to deciphering some part of our geological history.  In addition, the paint blots out the stones' natural beauty!
 

                                     "Lines" of juxtaposed stones. These fieldstones, chiefly boulders, abut one another and consequently really serve to obstruct vehicles from going from the driveway onto the grass.  They are near the lakefront in eastern Cedarville.

 
                                     "Lines"  Left, These small boulders surround a billet for a trailer at the trailer park on Grove St., Cedarville. 
                                                       Right, These small boulders and cobbles delineate a walkway within the trailer park. 


                                     Waterfalls and cascade beside the 12th hole of the Grand Hotel's Woods golf course.  Some of the combinations of fieldstones and water, particularly moving water, are for me the crème de la crème so far as use of fieldstones as landscape accents.  Consequently, this is my favorite on Mackinac Island.

         
                                     Waterfalls and small streams are highlights on this property in the Woodland subdivision near Cedarville.  They serve both to complement and, in my opinion, to compliment the diversity of the stones, rocks and plants of the area -- or vice versa, depending upon the viewer's point of view.  
                       
Stones, which range in size from pebbles to boulders and include some large blocks of rubble, have several diverse roles on this property.  Most of these stones are from nearby.  However, several rocks from distant localities -- e.g., the flagstones on some of the paths that are from Montana -- are also included.   

                                    "Dry waterfall" northwest of the junction of Church Rd. with Brevort Lake Rd. (H57).  These stones were placed to resemble a waterfall by Robert Wirt.  All of the stones were on the surrounding grounds. 
    

                                     Patio-walkway. This patio-walkway is on the east side of Bois Blanc Island. The stones were selected and placed by John Engel.  In placing the stones, he incorporated some interesting arrangements -- e.g., the "point" of the black, spearhead-shaped dolerite stone and the "streaks" of the gneiss, which are shown on the close-up, are oriented so they point toward the north.


                                     "Total Landscape". This designation has been used elsewhere for collections of stones, especially boulders, that have been placed in certain ways that make them appear to dominate a sizeable area.  The grouping of fieldstones in the main photograph seems to fit this definition.  It is the focus of the "turn around" area at the end of the drive to the home of Nick and Laural LaChapelle, who created the arrangement in 2009-2010.  The lower right photograph shows another area where the LaChapelles have put some more of their favorite fieldstones as the main components of a "flower garden."  And, when I took the photographs, they were working on yet another area that will be fieldstone based.  
                       With two or three exceptions, all of the boulders in these displays came from within a mile of their residence.  The boulders included, which are chiefly igneous and metamorphic rocks and migmatites, constitute a veritable museum collection of the diverse rocks carried into this area during the last "Ice Age" glaciation.  



           Cobbles. Cobbles are, in essence, small boulders.  In this area, as elsewhere, most fieldstones of cobble size are used in groups.  In several of these groups, virtuallyall of the fieldstones are of cobble size;  in several others, fieldstones of cobbles, particularly large ones, and boulders, typically relatively small ones, occur together.  The examples shown under this subheading in this Volume consist largely or wholly of cobbles. 



                                     Walkway on Bois Blanc Island that extends from a summer home to the beach area.  Cobbles, nearly all of which are "hard-rock" stones are along the edges.  The walkway itself consists largely of relatively flat "limestone."  This walkway was made by the owner, Jim Vosper.


                                     Walkway & steps.
                                                     Left, This stone and mortar walkway is between the yard and driveway at the house northwest of the junction of Duke's and Martin roads, Moran.  Some of the exposed surfaces are natural;  others are split-faces.  The narrow area covered by concrete with a coarse aggregate, which is between the walkway and the driveway, serves not only to eliminate a short step that could lead to one's tripping but also as a surface where mud that may have accumulated on one's footwear while working in the lawn or garden could be easily removed -- i.e., "scraped off."  The masonry was done by George Litzner.  
                                                          Right, These stones, with no mortar, provide steps from the lawn area down to an area that is at near the lake level of Brevort Lake.  The constituent stones might well be considered "stepping stones."  Notice also the roughly circular group of stones that constitute a stone planter and the smaller group of stones around the young pine tree.  These arrangements were created by Barb Palmer;  they are at the same locality as her Cairn-like stacks.


                                     Stones on steps. These large cobbles and small boulders are on steps that are on the north side of Portage St. in St. Ignace.  Although this use of stones is hardly a Landscape Accent as such, as can seen in the smaller scale photograph, this use does tie into the adjacent use of Landscape Accent stones on the adjacent slope.  Notice that the nearly all of the stones on the steps are well-rounded stones of diverse compositions whereas most of those on the adjacent bank are rubble. 



                                     Planters & stone-bordered flower beds. Many fieldstone based structures that are referred to as planters are indistinguishable from flowerbeds surrounded by stones.  The terms that are enclosed in quotation marks here are the designations applied by the owner or someone else who talked to me about the feature. 
                              A,  This retaining wall, which extends from the ground upward to the level of the top of the house's foundation, is beside the house on the northwestern corner of the junction of Duke's Rd. with Martin Rd. in Moran.  It dates to 1950 and 1951.  Two kinds of stones are included:  those that exhibit their natural surfaces and those that have their split-faces exposed.  George Litzner was the mason;  his wife Patricia "finished" the mortar joints. 
                              B, Two views of a two-level "planter" on the corner of Casey and Huron streets in St. Ignace.
                              C, A planting area beside Gros Cap Rd. -- Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of flower beds surrounded by stones occur within the area.  Each could claim this spot in this volume.  This is one that I drive by each time I go west to Rte. 2;  I do not know who designed it, when it was created, where these stones came from or who owns it, but I like it!                
                             D, An elongate "planter" with its right (road) side higher than its left.  This planter, actually with boulders, rather than pebbles, predominant, is on the western side of Church Rd., just north of Brevort Lake Rd. (H57).  The boulders were dug up from the surrounding grounds and put in place by Bob Wirt in 2010.       

                                     "Frame" or "display frame" are the names frequently applied to groups of stones that surround things other than flowerbeds and shrubbery.  Some of these frames are merely juxtaposed stones like those that around flowerbeds.  Others constitute veritable walls, albeit typically low ones.  In any case, the main purpose of fieldstone "frames" appears to be to exhibit and, in some cases, protect the things they surround.  The diversity of things that are displayed in this way is mind-boggling.  Although many of the "frames" within this area consist wholly or largely of stones that were picked up nearby, others include stones from sand pits and from beach areas, especially those along Lake Superior.


                                     "Frame" of loose fieldstones around the base of a flagpole.  It is north of LaVake Rd. near its dead end. 
                     

                                     Left, frame, which is a low wet-laid wall around an old hand-held tiller, on a lawn north of Pte. LaBarbe Rd.
                                     Center, frame, which is a dry-laid wall, around part of an area that includes some rather diverse man-made items as well as trees and bushes, on the north side of Charles Moran Rd., west of Rte. 123.  
                                     Right,  stones around a bird bath -- not for the bird shown! -- north of Brevort Lake Rd. (H57), west of Moran. 
 

                                     Left, part of an old harrow, with the stones as its background as well as its "frame," along Portage Rd.
                                     Right, stones around the lower part of a debarked, broken-off tree along with larger stones that more or less surround an old, rusted drag-anchor comprise this display near the junction of the east and west branches of Martin Lake Rd.
  

                                     A one-boulder-high "frame" around Moran's "Welcome" and plantings on the east side of Rte. 123. 


                                     A fieldstone "almost-'frame'" that sets off a mid-20th century cedar-strip(?) sports rowboat on a lawn north of Pte. LaBarbe Rd.  The group of fieldstones include several diverse rocks -- both "hard rocks" and "limestones."  Differential weathering and/or erosion of some surfaces of the latter rocks is especially evident. 

  

                                     "Wishing wells" with bases of stones occur sporadically throughout the area.  In essence, these bases are circular, freestanding walls, and virtually all of them are wet-laid.  Most of these "wells," including those with windlasses, are only decorative -- i.e., they are not directly related to a source of water. This one, which is beside Shore Drive in Evergreen Shores, is an exception.  Although it is now only decorative, it was formerly associated with a flowing spring/well, which is now virtually dry.  The fieldstones of this structure were taken from a dry well that was formerly on the same property.   Alan Werkheiser, the current owner, did the masonry in 1971 or '72 


                                     Pillars that consist of fieldstones occur here and there within the area. They are particularly common on the "built-up" part of Mackinac Island.  Three examples are shown. 
                                               Left,  Light "post" near Grand Hotel, Mackinac Island. 
                                               Center,  "Name post" for a summer home on Pte. LaBarbe Rd.  This marker, dated as September 1942, was made by George Yates, then the owner.  The stones were collected nearby.  The small boulder on the top is a salmon-pink granitic rock that is transected by a black basalt dikelet.  The small stones spelling "Youngstown" and "Ohio" are pebbles that have been painted black.  
                                               Right,  Light "post" on the north side of Brevort Lake Rd. (H57) east of Rte. 123.  Roxanne Powers-Tallman included stones from several sources including fields, gravel pits and Lakes Huron, Michigan and Superior to create this structure.
 


                                     This quasi-lighthouse "pillar" is beside the entrance to a trailer park on Grove St. in Cedarville. The approximately 12-feet high fieldstone masonry base, the outside of which consists largely of mortar with the included fieldstones as decorative elements, was built in 1984.  

~~<<+>>~~


  WALLS
                       When I think about the walls within this general area, I recall the information recorded1 about stone structures beneath Lake Huron.  I wonder if any of the accumulations of fieldstones treated in this album were also made soon after the glacial ice of the last "Ice Age" no longer covered the area.  See, for example, the roughly donut-shaped "pile of stones," which is the last entry in Part I, BUILDINGS:  Subsection OTHER BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES 
_____________________
                      1. 
According to O'Shea and Meadows (e.g., 2009), the structures beneath Lake Huron include stone piles, which 
                          appear to  have been used to attract caribou, and drive lanes.  The lanes are described as long rows of rocks (walls?) 
                          that were meant to channel the caribou into ambushes.  These, as well as other stone structures, occur on the now 
                          submerged Alpena-Amberley ridge
, 
which extends some 100 miles between Presque Isle, Michigan and Point Clark, 
                         Ontario.  This ridge was apparently dry land between about 9,900 and 7,500 years ago. 

_____________________ 
~~<<+>>~~
            
 
           Stone "fence" west of Church Rd., Moran.  Fence-line accumulations of fieldstones are frequently referred to as stone fences or stone rows.  Although some people refer to them as walls, they are not walls per se.  Most of these "fences" consist of stones removed from their adjacent field(s) to "clear the land."
--&&&--

      True walls.  The stones of true walls are chosen and placed by the individuals who make them. The stones may be wet-laid or dry-laid -- i.e., with or without mortar.  These walls are often characterized as freestanding or retaining:  Freestanding walls are those that extend upward from the ground with their sides and tops open to the air;  retaining walls are those that have only one side, plus or minus their tops, open to the air.  Fieldstone walls of each of these kinds occur here and there throughout the area, and are especially common in Hessel and central Cedarsville.  A few examples of these diverse kinds of walls that are within this area are shown in the following photographs.                             


           Dry-laid walls.  Relatively low dry-laid stone walls mark the edges of driveways at many places. 
                              Left, freestanding wall beside a circular drive north of Kenneth Rd. in Hiawatha National Forest. 
                              Right, retaining walls that keep the grass-covered soil from creeping to lower levels at Pte. Aux Chenes. 


 
           Dry-laid wall at Hessel.   This freestanding wall consists of diverse "hard-rock" and sedimentary rock boulders, angular to slightly modified rubble, fragments of rock apparently derived from of nearby bedrock, ..., ... and even concrete blocks.  It is said that this wall was "squared up" and the concrete blocks were added relatively recemtly.


           Culvert headers.  Dry-laid retaining walls are often named on the basis of their special roles and/or locations. These two are on the north side of Charles Moran Rd., west of Rte. 123.  The photograph on the right also includes a stone-surrounded planting area.



                             
           Wet-laid walls define the perimeter of Fort Mackinac on Mackinac Island.  Retaining, freestanding and hybrid walls are present.  The earliest walls date to 1779-1781;  later walls, primarily on the north side of the fort, date from circa 1800.  Parts of some of the walls are eight feet thick.  Although the constituent stones are painted white, their shapes and other characteristics indicate them to be a mixture of "limestone" and "hard-rock" boulders.  History is said to indicate that a large percentage of the "limestone" was quarried (P. Porter, p.c., 2010), but I suspect several of the "limestone" components represent pieces of rubble from the surrounding area including the shore and off-shore areas of Lake Huron.  
                         The walls are said to have been white from soon after the time they were built 
(op. cit., 2010).  Whitewash was likely used for the first and several later coatings.   That being the case, the apparent lack of such a coating in a photograph, dated 1865 (Petersen, 1973, p.27, bottom), would seem to indicate that it was taken when much of the whitewash had been removed by rain etc.  Currently they are painted white.
                         Over the years, the stone walls and other parts of the fort have been repaired.  For example, about ten years ago, the walls underwent a restoration that "involved repointing 16,250 square feet of façade ... [and,] when it was not possible to rely solely on historic techniques, all modern materials were concealed.  For example, a system of modern steel reinforcements was embedded several feet into concrete and hidden under a shell that precisely matched a 19th century walkway's original appearance" (Smithgroup...n.d.).    
                         The area of the fort also includes several other fieldstone-faced structures.  Along with the Officers' Stone Quarters and the ground-level stories of the three blockhouses, which are treated elsewhere in this album, stones are also major constituents of such things as the "frames" and bases for some of the cannons and the foundations of several structures as well as the bastions and ramparts which are incorporated with the perimeter walls. 
                         The black and white photographs, both taken between circa 1885-189
, are reproduced here courtesy of the Mackinac State Historic Parks.  The photos taken in 2010 show part of two walls including a sally port.
  

           Wet-laid wall near "Chimney Point," Marquette Island.  This wall, which was built beside a former pond that also had sporadic, marginal terraced sides, apparently dates to the early 1900s and perhaps to the 1800s.  The view on the lower right shows the pond side of the wall.  The top of the dry land side is somewhat rounded whereas that of the pond side is not. 

      
           Wet-laid walls of more recent times. 
                              Upper,  This curved retaining wall is northwest of the junction of Duke's and Martin roads in Moran.  It consists of split-faced stones.  George Litzner, a well-driller and then resident of the house, fashioned the wall during the early 1950s. 
                              Lower,  This freestanding wall, which exhibits the natural surfaces of its fieldstones, is part of a discontinuous wall on the east side of Huron St. in St. Ignace.   It is said to have been built by Ned Fenlon during the 1950s.  Three of the constituent building blocks of one of the "posts" of this wall are slag (i.e., the glassy residue of smelting of iron ore) -- see the bluish one in the lower left photograph.  Another completely different slag is at the bottom of the nearby wall.  The stones in this lower left photograph are indicative of the diversity of the kinds of stones that are included in this wall and its posts. Actually, however, most of the wall consists of well-rounded "hard-rock" fieldstones. 



  
           Wet-laid wall along the drive to the residence that is beyond the end of the west branch of Martin Road.  This wet-laid retaining wall, said to have been built in the 1930s, is the longest wall associated with a single residence that I have found within the area.  
                       The top photograph shows a large portion of the wall and the former house, which may be the one that was listed on the tax roles of the mid 1920s.  In any case, the house is known to have been there by the mid 1930s, and is said to have been built for Dr. Kirk Stewart.  It and the nearby barn and other outbuildings were widely referred to as Kirkwood.  The house included three fieldstone chimneys, one of which is shown in the photograph (courtesy C. Cullip). This house was destroyed by fire in 2009. The chimneys survived the fire but were not incorporated in the house that has subsequently been built on the site.
                       The two photographs in the middle show parts of the wall as it appears today.  They were taken within a ten-minute period with the same camera setting.
                       The two fieldstones shown at the bottom of this group were found on the property.  Both are "hard-rocks."  The one on the left exhibits some percussion marks, probably formed when this basalt was hit by another stone during transit.  The one on the right is a metamorphosed sandstone -- i.e., a quartzite. 



           Wing walls occur at both approaches to this bridge where the Mackinac Trail crosses Carp River.  The bridge, listed on the National Register as of December 17th, 1999, was built in 1920.  The wing walls, also called "cobblestone retaining walls" (MichiganGov...2001-2010), were added during the 1929-1930 biennium (ibid.).  The presence of the USCGS benchmark, dated  1934,  which is embedded in the concrete of the base upon which the railing of the bridge is mounted, has led to questions about some of the just-mentioned dates. It should not, in my opinion.  As can be seen in the photograph on the lower left, the concrete around the benchmark is not of the same batch as the concrete of this part of structure;  it appears to have been added to fill hole made for the concrete base upon which the benchmark was placed.  This, of course, means that the benchmark was added after the bridge was made, probably in 1934 as indicated.  In any case, these parts of this bridge were demolished, unfortunately (in my opinion), in the early fall of 2010. 
                       Most of the cobblestones and small boulders of these walls are "hard rock" -- i.e., igneous, metamorphic and migmatitic rocks.  The stones of the top course were split, and those along each edge were dressed to give them at least two surfaces at nearly right angles to each other.  A few of the stones have fallen out of the mortar (see close-up).  
                       The Carp River, by the way, was apparently named on the basis of its going over a nearby escarpment, rather than on the basis of the identity of its fish population (P.M. Brown, Jr., p.c., 2010). 

 
           Walls in cemeteries. 
                              Left, This group of small boulders certainly does not constitute a wall per se.  It is more akin to the previously described frames.  My sensitivities lead to its being included here along with the other walls in cemeteries.  It is in Grace Brethren Cemetery, which is east of 27-Mile Rd., about one and half miles east of Ozark.  
                              
Right, This low, wet-laid stone wall, only part of which is shown, is around a burial plot in the Gros Cap Cemetery northeast of Rte. 2, northwest of St. Ignace. 
                              See also the next photograph.



                              This more elaborate wet-laid wall is around a family burial plot in the Brevort Township Cemetery.  

 
           Walls featuring fieldstones are widespread, especially in the residential areas of Mackinac Island.  They also are a prominent part of Fort Mackinac and surround part of St. Ann's Cemetery.  This, of course, is what one would expect because of the topography of the southern part of the island where most of the residences, the fort and the cemetery are located. 
                   Several diverse kinds of walls are are present. Indeed, those of just about any description that one can imagine occur.  Many of them are best characterized as hybrids on the basis of their constituent stones and/or their structures. The following are only examples. 
                              A.  Dry-laid retaining wall that consists of boulders. 
                              B.  Wet-laid freestanding wall made up largely of rounded rubble.
                              C.  
Wet-laid retaining wall made up of rounded rubble with its end-posts consisting of dressed, "squared," blocks.  Notice also the top course of this wall, which consists of breccia with its rough edges (etc.) exposed.  This reminds me of the walls that occur around, for example, some haciendas in Central America -- i.e., the walls that are topped with embedded pieces of broken glass with their sharp edges protruding upwards, apparently to keep intruders from climbing over them. 
                              D. 
Wet-laid retaining wall, the boulders of which include many diverse "hard-rocks." 


                               E.  Apparently one of the oldest walls on the island?! 
                               F.  An entrance and adjacent walls around St. Ann's Cemetery.  Both are wet-laid and consist largely of rubble, some of which has been dressed. The total length of fieldstone walls at this cemetery appears to constitue the longest fieldstone wall in the area.
      Walls galore:      G. Chiefly dry-laid walls.
                               H. Chiefly wet-laid walls. 

~~<<+>>~~


  MISCELLANEOUS USES 
                       Only a few fairly common "miscellaneous uses" of fieldstones within this area are illustrated here.  Additional  "miscellaneous uses," are treated briefly in Appendix B.  


           Shore Protection and Docks.  Shore protection  and docs are extremely important in this area.  Both of these uses are common along some of the inland lakes as well as along Lakes Michigan and Huron.  


                          
                   Boulder piling is a widespread form of shore protection.  Three places where boulders and/or quarried blocks have been piled to provide such protection serve as examples of this kind of shore protection within this area.   
                              
                 Upper Left,  along Lake Huron just north of the Indian Village in St. Ignace;  
                                               Upper Right,  along the southern shore of Brevort Lake. 
                                               Below,  
 quarried blocks of dolostone along a concave bank of the Brevort River near one of the bridges on Dam Rd.


                            
    
                   Gabion wall along the shore of Brevort Lake near its outlet into Brevort River.  The top photographs (courtesy of USDA Forest Service) were taken after its installation in 1966 (John Franzen, p.c., 2010).  Notice that another  gabion-constituted structure was placed near the base of this wall, on its lake side;  its remains are now below lake level, covered with sediment.   As can be seen in the close-up of the two lower photographs, which were taken in 2010, the wire -- albeit galvanized and of greater diameter than, for example, typical chicken wire -- has a relatively fresh appearance.  The fact that it is only rusted near lake level is rather remarkable considering the climate of the area and the fact that the gabions have been here for almost a half century. 
                   The placement of this "wall," near the control dam at the outlet of Brevort Lake into the Brevort River, was so-to-speak dictated because this section the shoreline witnesses more so-to-speak flowing water than the rest of the lake, especially when the lake is relatively high and outflow into the river is greater than normal.   Indeed, if this part of the shoreline were not so-protected, it would be particularly subject to erosion. Consequently, I tend to think of this wall as the area's best wall by a damsite.  


                   Breakwater, off-shore, Hessel.  The fieldstones of this breakwater are said to have come from a former crib dock.


                   Pond side east of Black Point Rd., north of Duke's Rd. The stones along this "duck pond" merely define the shape of the pond -- i.e., they are hardly needed for shore-line protection. During the 1980s, Ervin Rose put these fieldstones around this area after loose mantle was removed for use as fill, and the area filled with groundwater. The stones came from nearby fields.


                   This is but one of several remains of fieldstone docks within the county.  It is on the southeastern side of Brevort Lake near Brevort Lake Rd. (H57).  
          

                   These two crib docks are at Hessel. The close-up shows the structure and relations between the stones and timbers.